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French actor. Since 1787 - in the theater "Comedy Frances." During the French Revolution, participated in the creation of Theater of the Republic (1791-1799). The representative of classicism and realism, the reformer of the costume and make-up.
Francois-Joseph Talma was born Jan. 15, 1763 in Paris. Father of boy-Michel Francois-Joseph has long been a valet, but later succeeded as the dentist-surgeon. His permanent patient Lord Garkur invited Talma with his family in London. Thus, childhood and early youth years, Francois-Joseph were in London. In 1773 it identified the aristocratic boarding master Verdier. In a half-century, and the great actor Talma will be remembered with great tenderness on his first appearance on the scene in the play "Tamerlane". Years left in the hostel in the heart of the memory is not so much about the school working days, how many of the theatrical festivals. The father wanted to see him continuing his case, but the love of theater from Francois-Joseph was stronger. In 1786, three years after returning to Paris, Talma entered the Royal School recitation and singing. Even before finishing school, he appeared on stage in front of the Paris public. In a small theater on the streets of Notre Dame de Nazareth Oresta he played in the tragedy "Ifigeniya in Avlide.
During this time he met the 17-year-old Marie-Madeleine de García, fulgent later in the "Comedy Frances" under the name Louise Degarsen. Prior to that, he already had one passion: being a disciple of another dentist, he fell in love with Provençal girl. Before the marriage is not reached, but this context was born a girl.
Talma first appeared on stage theater comedy Frances "21 Nov, 1787 as Seid in Voltaire′s tragedy of" Mahomet. " In the Journal de Paris "was a brief note:" Young man, debuted in the role of Seid, gives much hope he has all the natural data for the roles of hero: posture, face, voice, hands it to the public well-deserved. " On 26 December the same year enlisted in the Talma troupe "Comedy Francaise" as a boarder.
Estimated that during the first forty months of work in the theater Talma appears as a singer 785 times. Striking, indeed, a gigantic work capacity of young talent. He plays everything, he is assigned. It plays more in comedies than tragedies (97 roles in comedies, 56 - in the tragedy).
Francois persistently thinking about the reform of theatrical costumes, as seen in this approach to the art of living. Here he is helped to friendship with the artist Louis David, whose sketches done by the majority of the costumes. The first submission Voltairian "Brutus" Talma appeared in ancient dress, causing a murmur, and mockery of their conservative counterparts. Later, playing Muhammad Orosmana, Charles IX, Brutus, Oedipus, Sullu, he boldly used the iconic make-up, historical and ethnographic costume (Medieval, Oriental, Renaissance).
Earnings Talma remained relatively scarce, even when he became soseterom. And the very fact that it drew the attention of a rich and independent fine lady Julie Louise Caro. The former actress ably held Talma with them and fueling their passion. It does not vary by beauty, but noted her outstanding intellect and great femininity.
April 30, 1790 at the notary was concluded affiance Julie Caro with Talma. However, in the sanctification of marriage had been denied "because of the shameful profession affianced. It was only on 19 April next year in the church of Notre-Dame-de-Loretta married them. Soon after the marriage ceremony in the same church Vicar baptized two twins born to this marriage - Charles Henri Castor and Pollux.
Revolutionary classicism found the perfect actor Talma. Event of political importance was the production of the tragedy of Marie-Joseph Chenier "Charles IX" (1789), in which the Talma played king-tyrant. It was hard to decide that the greater the performance: crushing ardent verses Chenier or fantastic audience passionate game actor. Here again demonstrated the inherent industriousness Talma. He had many historical works about Varfolomeevskoy nights in either French or English.
As a brilliant representative of classicism in the French scene, Talma, however, made it a lot. "The truth - that what I was looking for his whole life," - he said. The search for truth on the stage led him to an in-depth disclosure of the internal world of their heroes. Playing Charles IX, he renounces his image as a tyrant.
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The revolution divided troupe "Comedy Frances" into two camps: the red squadron, led by Talma and black squadron, formed the nucleus of aristocratic troupes. The split is exacerbated by the day. As a result, Paris has two dramatic theater: Theater of the Nation, lishivshiysya group of red, and the French theater in the streets RICHELIEU. The latter opens April 27, 1791 tragedy Chenier "Henry VIII", as well as "Karl IX", against the tyranny.
Playing King, Talma was based not on speech, as did almost all his predecessors and contemporaries, and created an image of integrity, demanding the word, gesture, movement, life on the stage.
Subsequently, Talma so defined his method: "When creating a role in a tragedy or a new play by the old repertoire, which have not yet tried their forces, I especially want to know the nature of the character, as it covers the story. At the same time, I study the characters and the characters, who join me in taking part in action. I took few dates and even a chronology of my attention focused on the era in general. I imagine living like Manley, Nero, Brutus - their faces, clothes, speech, and I see how they go and act. In their appearance and function go myself. I do not have to re-Titus Libya, Svetoniya, Tacitus, and together with them to call his office in Rome, I am full of their stories, perenoshu himself in Rome, the Roman and become a living there, as in his native city. "
Beryas for the role of Henry VIII, King-Tirana, the actor′s fear, as though he is not reminded of another tyrant - Charles IX. That was all the more difficult to figure that both kings were created in the same dramatic poet. Talma so amazed spectators and a new show that is new, unique to this particular hero of his tyrannical nature.
Actor recreated the appearance of Henry VIII of historical paintings and prints. In the suit, the makeup, the wig was sustained historical fidelity. And the other characters were also well-not in the conditional costumes and dress in the era of Henry VIII. In other words, the reform dress Talma approved on a French stage.
The most intense feelings - anger, passion, conscience, guilt, fear - Talma studied voice without unnecessary affectation, which was a novelty in the French theatrics.
French theater in the streets RICHELIEU puts a patriotic play in One Day and gives examples of high French classics - a tragedy Rasin, Corneille, Voltaire. Talma is not yet thirty, but he already carries on its shoulders the best tragic repertoire of the era, becoming a major actor in the revolution.
On the anniversary of the death of Voltaire (May 30, 1791) put "Brutus." It was a solemn spectacle. Continuing the reform dress, Talma regime in Roman garb Titus, a hair cut, was made a Roman hairstyle. Ego innovation to provide a mod. Young buck ordered hairdressers haircut "by Titus"
Talma is drawn to the drama of Shakespeare, who called her "a teacher in the comprehension of human passions." While the works of Shakespeare were in France in klassitsistskih adaptation of Jean-François Ducie, largely distorting the meaning and language of the great playwright, the actor managed to force Shakespearean passions. "The reality of the images of Shakespeare has been to me so obvious, that, after reading some of his drama, I could depict the types and costumes of the protagonists, which I was not able to while reading the French classics."
All December 1792 theatrical Paris and only talked about the character and Talma. The success of "Otello" was staggering. Obdumyvaya role Talma of the play for the play are clearly distinguished noble traits of character: children′s innocence in connection with humanity and the boundless love of Desdemona - Edelmone. The actor has done with the expectation to win the sympathy of the audience before the fury raging passions, resulting in the killing of defenseless women, may alienate the audience from the character. Those look horrible murder scene, complete tragedy.
Next, in 1793 brought a lot of new Talma and heavy. It is all the time now was in distress and disarray. The tragedies, the actor who played on the stage - with betrayal, guile, conspiracies, intrigues and corruption - are now committed in life. December 27, hiding from the wife, that brought in the case of twenty-one deputies Girondist, Talma left in the first section of the Revolutionary Tribunal.
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4 Feb, 1794 in the midst of an open struggle between Robespierre and Danton the premiere of the tragedy Leguve "Epiharisa and Nero, or a conspiracy against freedom." Talma brilliantly performed the role of Nero, not only in this performance, but also in the "Britannica" Rasin, which for their own lives played 95 times with an increasing success.
By 1795 relations between Talma and Julie Caro noticeably cooled. Involvement of the material, large debts Talma - all this only deepened the conflict. In addition, he carried away the young actress Caroline Petit Vanha that eventually led to the fact that spouses are divided ...
And on the stage of Talma has continued to win the audience. Good luck there was a performance of "Agamemnon" (premiere April 24, 1797) Lemerse, where he played Egista, lover′s wife of Agamemnon Klitemnestry.
Now on the table at the Talma always lay the tragedy of Ducie and English Thomico Shakespeare. In the role of Macbeth, he first appeared on stage Feydo. Charm actor may have caused the sympathies of the audience, but the tragedy Ducie not hold. At one of the submissions (May 3, 1798) was attended by General Bonaparte. That evening Talma has surpassed himself, he played with some great nervous tension. Bonaparte stormily welcomed actor from the box.
Difficult to set a date dating Talma with Napoleon. According to some reports, they met in the fashionable salon of Madame Talen. One way or another, but this knowledge is largely determined the fate of the actor.
A few weeks before the arrival of Napoleon to power (30 May, 1799) re-opened a joint French theater. The first night was "Sid" Corneille, where Talma played a young warrior Rodrigo. The actor loved the role and performed it at different times, always giving a modern interpretation.
Theater was always central to the lives of Talma. All that is happening around - and the joy of new love for Petit Vanha, and unhappiness associated with disease and death hectic twin brothers Castor and Pollux, and excitement about the impending divorce from Julie Caro - to aggravate the feelings of the actor and deepened a sense of tragedy.
Jun 16, 1802 Talma married Petit Vanha, and Newly-wife will soon settle on the streets of Seine.
One of the favorite roles Talma was Orest from "Andromache" Rasin. More than a hundred times he has played for his life so vivid and noble hero, continuously improving the image. The actor actually lived in the image Oresta and even obscure and Pirra and other actors of tragedy.
5 Apr, 1803 Talma Finally the play "Hamlet." It was Hamlet not effeminate and weak prince, a man of intellect and strong character. Shumny success fell to his share in this evening. The total collection of performance was 14 thousand francs - an unprecedented sum for that time. Hamlet becomes better and the role of Shakespeare′s favorite actor.
... The old relationship between Talma and the Bonapartes is not interrupted. By order of Napoleon in Malmezone built wooden theater, which gave amateur performances. Led them Talma and Michaud. Bonaparte has consulted with the actor on rebuilding houses. Not without Talma was signed by Napoleon decree of July 29, 1807, against an excessive increase in the number of theaters in Paris. The decree set a maximum number of theaters in Paris and reduced it to eight. The remaining smaller theaters were closed. Napoleon did not пропускал case to look at the stage of their favorite artists - the actors′ comedy Frances "led by Talma.
In 1803 all the actor′s thoughts were focused on the preparation of Manley in the tragedy of Antoine Lafossa "Manley Capitol. By repeating the role at home, rehearsing on the stage, he sought to convey not only the means of speech, and facial expressions, gestures, and to all appearance very tragically Manley, heroically carries the best friend′s betrayal. Role Manley Capitol Talma a hundred twice with the same success.
After the victory at Austerlitz, Napoleon in January 1806 and returned to Paris in two days, visited "Comedy Francaise", where there was "Manley Capitol. When Napoleon entered lozhu, enthusiastic applause was forced to interrupt the spectacle. The audience and the actors hands emperor. And he was applauded Talma. Ostroslovy said that two of the great actor, welcome each other.
In September 1808 Talma, along with thirteen other actors′ comedy Frances receives orders to go to Erfurt on tour.
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When Talma, finally was able to take advice and go to the Emperor of water, there was Imperial Princess Pauline Borghese. She was famous not only beauty, but also an ardent passion for the theater. A romantic story of Talma and Polina Borghese has long remained in the area of social gossip and guesswork. Finally were found drafts of letters to the actor, Polina. In these letters, Talma appears passionate love ... They have long been copied, and only in 1812, Borghese broke relationship with François.
Differing ways tragedian and Petit Vanha. in 1813 he was living separately from her, and two years after the civil chamber of the Court heard the case of divorce. By the time he became the father of Alexander is based on Jacqueline (the woman gave him a son - Paul).
In 1816 and 1817 years of Talma prefers to go on tour in the province, as well as in England. And even when the king returned to Paris, appoints him an annual pension of 30 thousand francs, he took it without enthusiasm. In recent years Talma appeared in new roles are very rare. An increasing number of growing fatigue and dissatisfaction with the theater and contemporary repertoire. "I ask Shakespeare, and I give the Ducie" - he said Hugo.
In early 1818 Talma again in Paris. Months pass, and its activity is reduced to teaching at the conservatory. He enthusiastically passes his knowledge to young students.
Before we resume their performances in "Comedy Frances, Talma makes the tour of the province of the Dutch and Belgian King appoints him an annual pension of 10 thousand francs to enable it for six years playing in a vacation time in Brussels, the best roles of his repertoire.
Finally July 20, 1820 Talma act in the role of Oedipus. Even the actor′s enemies were forced to admit that after the break, Paris saw an updated Oedipus, rising to the highest degree of tragedy. Less than a year, as Talma again compelled to talk about themselves by playing Sullu in the same tragedy of his friend Zhui (Victor-Joseph Etienne). In 1820-ies he has successfully acted as a Roman Consul Regula in the same tragedy, a young playwright L. Arnault.
Talma makes triumphal visit to Belgium, Holland and various cities of France. There are stories of how the admirers of the great tragedian waiting for his crew on their way to the city and held his hands in the theater, crowned with laurel wreaths. Poets dedicated to him rave ody, the artists play it in life and roles. He joked that becoming a monument century klassitsistskoy tragedy.
The actor, who lived continuously emotions and nervous tension, inevitably exhausted itself. Fatal disease (bowel cancer), symptoms of which appeared as early as 1819, with each month of increase. March 21, 1825 benefit was an actor on the occasion of his retirement after thirty-eight years of service at the scene. "
Talma quietly passed away on October 19, 1826. Annalist "Comedy Frances" wrote: "The train was majestic: must have a third of the population of Paris followed the coffin, so great were the crowds of people from the house late to the cemetery. All writers, artists, several MPs, many members of the Academy and all the artists of the capital′s theater found the duty to honor the memory of the immortal tragedian and the best people. "
Dust Talma was buried near the graves of Moliere and Lafontaine. A year later, on October 19, 1827, the remains of a great actor, moved to the vault, which was built at the same cemetery.
Creativity Talma summarized and expressed all the best, which gave the French classicism, and at the same time, was the first summer lightning of new art - romantic.
Himself an actor so defined the historic significance of his art: "I got in my legs century, and he used me as a weapon." Talma was not only a magnificent actor, but a reformer of theatrical art.
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