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English actor, director, theatrical figure. From 1878 to 1898 headed the theater "Litseum. Famous in Shakespearean roles (Hamlet, Macbeth, Sheylok, Richard III, Яго, Benedict and others). As director of the production was a supporter of the theater.
John Henry Brodribb (Irving) was born February 6, 1838 in the village Keynton Mendevill. His father, Samuel Brodribb, worked as a farmer. When Henry was four, the family moved to Bristol. In the hungry forties mother brought him to one of her five sisters in their native Cornwall. After six years the family settled in London, and Henry returned home.
The future actor was in business school in the City, where he taught not only arithmetic but also recital. He studied not for a long time, only two years, and already with 13 years of age started to work.
Henry served in the legal offices of Chipsayde, a year later moved to the trading company. Before it opened the prospect of going to India and make a career entrepreneur. But Henry had thought was a theater.
In fifteen years he entered the city declamatory class. In the evening visited tantsklass and school fencing. Around the same time, Henry began to take lessons from the actor William Hoskinsa.
Brodribb debuted in the theater "Litseum in Sunderland. Here he gained the nickname stage. Henry Irving - name taken in honor of Washington Irving, author of his favorite "Books sketches.
In Sunderland Irving spent five months, after which he moved to Edinburgh, where for two and a half years on the stages of the Royal Theater and the Theater of the Queen has 428 (!) Roles in 327 plays.
Rising Star Provincial scene in London was invited to the Princess Theater. Then Irving appeared in Greenock and Glasgow. The set of roles and the tiny salaries.
In the Theater of Manchester - work wear. Irving gradually overcame natural deficiencies. Mostly, dryish timbre of voice, tenor, he has developed to a low, velvet, "noble" bass notes. For many years, actor otshlifovyval diction. More difficult was plastic - from nature, he dragged his leg.
Henry had more than a modest lifestyle, as well as half a small salary sent home. The remaining money is often spent on the props.
After Manchester Irving played in the theater of St. James and the Queen′s Theater. Define its roles - the roles of singer "secular scoundrels." It was in this capacity, he was invited to the famous theater Druri-Lane. "
July 15, 1869 Irving married a pretty Irish, Miss Florence O′Callaghan, daughter of General Medical Service. From this marriage there were two sons, Henry and Lawrence Sydney. But three months after the birth of Lawrence wife parted. If anyone has been created for family life, it was not Irving. They belonged to one passion - theater. The children remained with their mother.
Irving tried to establish itself in the metropolitan scene. In the theater "vaudeville" he appeared in the play "Two Roses" J. Albury. The "fine family comedy" Henry has played the old wheeler Digbi Grant scion impoverished noble family. The play caused a storm of delight, as Irving had announced one of the best characteristics of actors in England.
At the 291-m representation of "Two Roses", to his benefit, Irving decided to speak in a different capacity. He prodeklamiroval romantic poem "Dream of Eugene Aram" - about the criminals who for many years has the nightmare of the killing. Here is what wrote the newspaper "Observer" on the second day after the performance: "The actor went to the rail in the usual evening dress and, without assistance of scenery or props, makes forget about the existence of gentleman in evening dress, and think only about the man, struck remorse . This performance had nothing to do with the reading in the usual sense of the word. It was an energetic and powerful game ... This was a game which is now rare to see ... "
Well-known entrepreneur Beytman get Henry Irving in his company, promising him a variety of roles, including classical.
Irving L. Lewis is interested in play, entitled "Bells", which portrayed the last hours of life Bourgmestres Mathias - the man whose conscience is burdened bloody crime. No, the offender is not exposed; flour conscience lead him to madness.
November 3, 1871 the premiere of a play by Lewis. Those who came that night in Litseum, witnessed birth of a tragic actor.
In the first season of "Bells" have been 161 times. Mathias role required of Irving enormous emotional strain and physical strength. Nevertheless, the same evening he appeared before the audience and the role of Jingle in Pikvike "(after a while Jingle replace swindler in the farce" Fundraising "). Beytman had hoped that the mere performance of an actor in an evening of two contrasting roles provide a full charge.
September 28, 1872 Irving was in the new play "Charles I". In the role of the King Irving has made striking portraits of similarity.
At the end of the season, he played a reformed criminal to play Uilsa "Eugene Aram." The play was three months in a row. Triumphant season for Irving completed his benefit.
"Every character - character," - said Irving. This principle, he tried to implement based on Shakespeare′s tragedies and poetic dramas. At the time of entrepreneurs went a saying: "Shakespeare mean devastation." Therefore, at first no one believes that Irving has decided to put "Hamlet."
When Irving came to the scene, the audience warmly welcomed him. But the room suddenly subsided. Puzzled simple appearance and unusual behavior of Hamlet. A simple dress of black silk, a short jacket, otorochenny dark fur, a heavy gold chain on his chest, black hair Sit back. Nothing distracts attention from the worried face pale and tired, from striking the eyes, in which the pain and confusion. This Hamlet is not resorted to impressive intonation. He thought aloud, forcing the audience to see the painful job of thinking.
In moments of severe turbulence Hamlet - Irving began to walk quickly on the scene a strange twitch gait. His voice sometimes stall at unpleasant piercing notes. Actor boldly introduced in the tragedy of techniques typical game. Hamlet became a living person, with its strange, its behavior.
At the premiere, viewers meet the first two acts alert silence. But the great emotional scenes glow with Ofelia decided everything. And then was a thunder of applause. Irving won the battle.
"Gamletovskaya fever" started in October 31, 1874 and lasted for several months. "Hamlet" was 200 times, and on posters "Litseuma" it is not replaced by a comedy and not drama, and another tragedy of Shakespeare - "Macbeth."
If Hamlet of Irving argued, it unanimously rejected the criticism of Macbeth. Having carefully reviewed the play, Irving found out that the idea of the murder of King Duncan in Macbeth was born well before the action.
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But to take such negeroicheskogo, neromanticheskogo Macbeth the audience could not. Hall Litseuma "filled to capacity, tickets ordered in the week, but the audience during the show to remain silent.
For Macbeth followed by Otello. Role Moor is not given Irving. In this same tragedy, he played the role Яго. This hero of the performance of Irving shocked genteel spectators cynicism: he ate grapes, obdumyvaya bloody plan; foot overturned his murder Rodrigo. Яго - the first Shakespearean role Irving, unanimously adopted by all. But he played it all, eleven times, as could not find a singer for the central role of Otello.
Irving has become famous. He acquired several valuable acquaintances in the highest circles of society. He drew attention to the Baroness Berdet-CUTS. Once on the street, Irving stopped the biggest politician William Gladstone. Around the same time Irving got acquainted with the famous poet Alfred Tennisonom. The result of dating, and quite fast convergence of the poet and actor, was staged by "Queen Mary" Tennisona in Litseume.
In autumn of 1876 took place triumphal tour of Irving on the major provincial cities. About 18000 people watched his performances in Manchester. In the old Trinity College Dublin University Irving awarded welcome address. At the end of the play, all the audience stood up, expressing his admiration of this game. And at the door of the theater a crowd of students waiting for Irving. They vpryaglis in the crew and actor dovezli to the hotel.
A few days after the Dublin triumph opens the regular season in Litseume. Irving resumed "Macbeth." Criticism is still indignant. But the audience is satisfied applause, which is not remembered from the time of Edmund Keene.
January 29, 1877 in Litseume "the premiere of" Richard III ". Meanness and baseness of Richard combined with a truly royal pride. People used it only pawns in the game. He has used or eliminate them, depending on the circumstances.
The first representation of "Richard III" old actor Chippendale gave Irving the sword with which the legendary Kean appeared in the final tragedy. Soon, he presented the Order of St.. George, who was playing Richard Keen, a further six months - David Garrigue ring with a miniature depiction of Shakespeare.
After "Richard III" at the time, Irving went to the heights of Shakespeare′s tragedy. Mrs Beytman chose for him the old melodrama Charles Reed "Lyons Mail." The two roles - an innocent victim and the bandit, tragically similar to each other - to play Irving. He is not changing makeup. But the posture, facial expression, voice, movement, hands - everything was different. "Lyons Mail" enjoyed enormous success with the public.
Irving has a long think about the opportunity to become a master of theater "Litseum. And finally decided. He invited to his theater actress Ellen Terry, he became an invaluable assistant.
Name Irving as "the sole tenant and the Entrepreneur′s Royal Theater Litseum" first appeared on the program of "Hamlet" Dec. 30, 1878.
All noted the cohesiveness of ensemble. Irving and Terry formed a rare unity. As a critic wrote, "two themes contrast, disputes are intertwined with each other, mutually complementing and enriching: a disturbing, bleak, expressive, sometimes amounting to the ominous theme of the grotesque Irving and gentle, bright, smooth, even in grief issue Terry .. .
Once in Tunisia, Irving saw a Jew who was outside because of a deal. He go on the ground, Korçe with rage, but after a few minutes after receiving the required fees, immediately regained composure, expressed sincere thanks and left with a truly royal majesty. Irving pochudilos that for a moment he saw the living Sheyloka.
November 1, the premiere of "Venetian merchant" of Shakespeare. The play was seven months in a row. His long life he was obliged as a luxury decorations and costumes, stage effects and sound thin actor playing Sheylok Irving became a tragic hero, blinded by thirst for revenge for the affront to human dignity.
Irving continued to turn to Shakespeare′s drama. He embarked on "Romeo and Juliet." The play turned out strange. Critics have argued with one voice, that of Terry, played Juliet, it does not like. A performer role of Romeo was forty four years. Nevertheless, the performance was 161 times in a row.
After another Shakespeare play "Much Ado About Nothing" in the newspapers wrote: "M-r Irving decided the question for study or for the stage is Shakespeare, so that the closer to the rail of Shakespeare scholars to the extent permitted by practical considerations. No fan could not have done more ... "
, And magnificence of setting this time is not overshadowed the actors. The main heroes of the play became Beatriche and Benedict - Terry and Irving. Verbal duels heroes were evidence of the relative position. The more they exercise the wit, the more closer. The performance took place 212 times and was withdrawn only in connection with overseas tour "Litseuma.
The tour was extremely tense. Only in New York on 29 plays. Sometimes giving the rest of Terry, Irving played in every play. It was a real theater on wheels: special trains transported from city to city sophisticated decor. No difficulties were not able to get Irving to show the performances in a simplified form, is that the scene is too small.
In America, every role Irving were ready to declare the best. When in Chicago he played Hamlet, the local Tribune wrote that his success zakonomeren: because of their acting to the - the intelligence, sensitivity and primarily poetic temperament - he is the best way to fit it to Hamlet.
The tour lasted six months. Only 31 May, 1884 London audience again saw Irving. He returned briefly: adding the repertoire of "Twelfth Night" by Shakespeare, again went to America. And soon it was difficult to understand where Irving more popular: in the UK or overseas.
March 30, 1885 Henry Irving made at Harvard University report on "The Art of the actor." He was the first actor awarded this honor. Irving stressed that the actor must feel the soul drawn character, so to speak, to embody it in ourselves, and thus challenged the theory put forward by Diderot in the "paradox of the actor."
Back in London, Irving passion for the work on "Faust." With his active participation dramatic poem was revised staffing playwright "Litseuma" Uilsom. As a result of twenty-five scenes, the first part of "Faust" in the show included twelve.
"Miracles" was a lot of: clouds of smoke, of which Mephistopheles appears, a cloud of fog, claiming the rejuvenation of Faust and Mephistopheles, tried to escape from the table will feature a flame; splits from the crossed sword sparks Valentine and Faust (the first time in Litseume Apply electricity) .
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This was the "cash" performance history "Litseuma. Repeatedly renewed, it took a total of 792 times, among them 375 times in a row. Attracted many miracles, sincere and deeply tragic game, Terry, diabolic magnetism Irving.
Irving defended the principle of his productions of plays by Shakespeare - the use of music, painting, realistic scenery, the accuracy of historical detail. "I think - he said - that perfectly played piece can make a full impression, and without these aids. But their value is virtually ceased to be a contentious issue, and they were needed. This is dictated by the public taste of our days. "
Demonstrated a new production of "Macbeth", caused universal admiration. André Antoine, founder of the Free Theater in Paris, wrote: "The far side of the production here - nothing like we do not have a presentation in France."
"Macbeth" was the supreme achievement of Irving-producer. Here he came close to directing the next era in the history of the theater - director of the era, capable of all parts of the play is riddled with a single thought.
In the 1890′s the art of Henry Irving has received official recognition. It is increasingly invited to all sorts of commemorative meetings, official receptions, the opening of the monuments, public buildings bookmark. Universities, institutes and scientific societies have requested him to make his lectures. In 1892 Dublin University awarded him the degree of Doctor of Literature. For the first time this honor was awarded actor. Six years later he received his doctoral degree at Cambridge, then at the University of Glasgow.
Double Irving played before Queen Victoria - a great honor to the English Victorian era.
In 1895, Irving first of the British actor was the nobility. The ceremony took place in two months at Windsor Castle. Having a ceremony, the Queen, without any ritual, said: "I′m very happy, sir." The next stage in the "Litseuma" gathered in London actors. Benkroft on their behalf, presented the Irving address four thousand signatures, a prisoner in a silver casket to sketch Johnston Forbes-Robertson.
Now, Irving has the right to add his name to the word "sir." But the bill, Sir Henry Irving has always remained just Henry Irving. He believed that he gained the title is the formal recognition of the actor′s profession, which he sought all his life. But among the brethren, by profession, he did not want to stand out.
Those who met him in a formal setting, saved it unflattering opinion. Others who knew Irving closer, were fascinated by his amiability, gentleness and simplicity. What he was really? This did not know anybody. Perhaps, GA Jones in his book "Shadow of Henry Irving," describing it as an actor, gave a key to understanding his personality: "He was particularly high in dark roles, low, ironic, sardonic, diabolical, and he was equally great in the roles of noble , decent, simple, "not of this world, heavenly, holy, spirituality. It combines all of these characters in ourselves and playing them from the inside. The essence of them was himself."
Irving has often repeated that the real purpose of art - the beauty and truth - necessary part of beauty. His best roles - from Mathias to Яго and the best performances - "Hamlet," "Merchant of Venice", "Macbeth" shaken contemporaries piercing artistic truth.
Recent performances of "Litseuma" were still beautiful. "Ravensvuds" Merivela, Shakespearean "Henry VIII". Mantle for the Cardinal Woolsey sent to Rome to paint, but even they have not achieved the desired effect, Irving. "Влезая in the skin of actor, one should not forget about his wardrobe," - joked Irving and props, and artists′ Litseuma "for months looking for the exact color. The idea "King Lear" Irving hatched ten years. It was simple and flexible: the way the royal grandeur of Lear, through madness, by the simple humanity.
And each performance is still glittering Irving, an actor.
Back in 1879, the press reported that Alfred Tennison wrote for "Litseuma" a new drama in verse - Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Becket. Irving idea caught fire on stage to show the saint - a person, a devoted undividedly high ideals, ready to give them life. Eventually, Irving played himself - the so-Becket took his contemporaries.
However, Irving has ceased to be "vozmutitelem calm." New shows are no longer able to hundreds of submissions a row. And 1898 was a year of disasters Irving. January 1 season opens in London play "Peter the Great." This was the first failure in Litseume. Less than two months, burned down dock - registration of forty-four performances. Then - another unsuccessful premiere.
Huge financial losses and the ill-fated year immensely tired Irving led the "Litseum" passed into the hands of theatrical syndicate.
Successful tours in the province and another American tour somewhat improved the financial affairs of an actor. But oppressed loss "Litseuma, theater, to whom he gave more than twenty years of life. Irving has changed. Now he eagerly repeated the words over which he once laughed: "Shakespeare mean devastation." It became cold, indifferent, closed. Even close friends were hard to make his bitterness. In 1902 the troupe went from Ellen Terry.
After closing Litseuma "Irving set in the theater" Druri-Lane "failed drama" Dante "Sardou. In America, where the eighth and the last tour have been announced as the tour of Henry Irving and his troupe, the performance did not meet the floor. We had to play the old repertory.
Irving forces were at the end. So at dusk days he had to go back to the wandering life of an actor, to an infinite moving from town to town and a short season in London. But the moment when Irving understood: the scene would have to leave.
2 October, 1905 in Sheffield Theater Litseum "began last speeches Irving. He slabel day by day, but no one other than relatives, do not guess about it. Interchange occurred on 13 October in the town of Bradford. "In your hands, O Lord, into thy hands," - said the dying Becket. They were last again, Irving delivered from the stage. After the performance, in the hotel lobby, he lost consciousness. The heart was beating silence ... and stopped altogether.
He was buried in Westminster Abbey.
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