Komissarzhevskaya FAITH Fedorovna

Russian actress. Worked in Alexandrinsky theater, in 1904 set up its repertoire of contemporary theater, and later - simvolistskoy orientation. Role: Larissa (Bespridannitsa "), Nina Zarechnaya (" Seagull "), Rosie (" Butterfly Boy "), Magda (" Homeland "), Varya (Dikarka"), Nora ( "Doll′s House" ;), Beatrice ( "Sister Beatrice"), etc.

Vera Fyodorovna Komissarzhevskaya was born October 27 (8 November) in 1864 in St. Petersburg. Her father, Fyodor Petrovich, for twenty years, the stage of activity became popular lyrical tenor, then a teacher. Vera′s mother, Maria Nikolaevna, the daughter of the regiment commander Preobrazhensky Shulgina, secretly married to Komissarzhevskaya. Shulgin renounced his daughter and has resigned.

The elder daughter, Vera, was the favorite in the family. Governess learned her take it and then read. The house Komissarzhevskaya often well-known actors, singers, teachers. Fedor Petrovich especially friends with composer Modest Musorgsky. Faith wrote, played and even sang in the home performances. In ten years it lost in a private school Obolensky. A girl had an excellent memory, she learn verses from the first reading. It is easy to fond a new subject, but just as easily leave it. Teachers felt it lazy.

Fedor Petrovich sometimes seemed that high school is bad, and he transferred the girl to the private board. Then took away her home, convinced themselves that the home teachers better gymnasium. Vera studied at the gymnasium Kolomenskoye, Petersburg, was pansionerkoy Ivanovskiy school. All his life after that she felt the lack of education.

When she was thirteen years old, his father left the family and married the Princess Kurtsevich. Maria Nikolaevna was left with three daughters in Vilna, in his small house. Vera studied at the Institute of noble maidens Vilensky.

The future of the secular girls understand itself - fans, groom, marriage. The first is a strong sense of making her the wife of Count V. Muravyov, artist and landscape painter. The marriage lasted only two years (1883-1885). Almost from the first days of life together began cruel misunderstanding and quarrels. My husband was drunkard and scoundrel, the temptations of her older sister Hope (her birth to his child). When the gap occurred, Komissarzhevskaya tried to poison, and then underwent severe mental illness. "Then happened to me something terrible. I went mad and was in the crazy house for a month "- Vera Fyodorovna remembered.

Several years of hopelessness, despair, weary idleness. And each year from disease and destitution was similar to the previous one.

In 1887, lechas Water in Lipetsk, she met with Sergei Ilyich Ziloti, naval officer, a fan of theater and music. On the Rights of the groom (a marriage that did not take place), he brings his faith in the family estate Znamenka the Tambov province, inhabited by his two sisters and four brothers. Komissarzhevskaya friends with the younger of the sisters, Maria I.. In the evening they sang songs of gypsy fashion then.

Doctors demanded that the friends to find Vera Fyodorovna case, which could seize it. This was the case for the theater. Komissarzhevskaya start to take lessons from the celebrated artist and teacher of theater Alexandrinsky Vladimir Nikolaevich Davydov. Student identity, built in the very nature of her talent was obvious.

Photo: "Komissarzhevskaya FAITH Fedorovna"

Davydov advised her to enter the theater school.

In autumn of 1890 Faith and her sister Olga came to his father in St. Petersburg (by then he had to part with the Princess). Girls attending the opera class of art and literature, who was Fedor Petrovich. In February 1891, The Society has issued its policy performance - "The fruits of education, by L. Tolstoy. Faith under the pseudonym Comino played Betsy. But after a Komissarzhevskaya left the school education stage of his daughters ended.

Vera went to the theater impresario Novocherkassk to NN Sinelnikov. Her debut was September 19, 1893 in the play "Honor" by Zudermana. In the five months Komissarzhevskaya played in five of eight new plays. Every two or three days - the premier, often in a single evening - two performances. Day rehearsal, and at night - cramming roles. Rare review misses her. Three months after the debut of its credibility open to question. "Game Komissarzhevskaya are not art - it is life itself" - wrote the newspaper "Don it".

Leaving the Novocherkassk, Komissarzhevskaya going on tour at the invitation of Tiflis artistic community and appears in comedies "big money", "romp", "Summer picture. After Tiflis, she played in summer theater in the suburbs of St. Petersburg lakes. In summer 1894 Komissarzhevskaya performed fourteen new dramatic roles. On her success in the capital said many theatrical circles. However, she refused to go to the imperial stage, and continued her career in theater Vilensky, where she was promised a choice of roles.

There she enjoyed success. "I have received from the public silver laurel wreath with the inscription" The talents of its fans, "- said Komissarzhevskaya in a letter. Especially note the performance of its role in the play Rosie G. Zudermana" Butterfly Boy ".

The historian and former diplomat, SS Tatishchev offers her hand and heart. Big fan of art, he appreciated it the actress, helped to enter Alexandrinsky scene. But she refuses to fans. "Art ... I belong irretrievably, irrevocably, all thoughts and feelings that will not change or for whom or what - is it in itself will get a complete disappointment. " That said, it remains true.

In February 1896 Vera moved with his mother and sister Olga in St. Petersburg. April 4, Komissarzhevskaya appeared on stage Alexandrinsky Theater in the role of Rosie. Debut went brilliantly, "- the actress wrote to his friend.

September 17, 1896, superstitious important occasion for her performance on the day of its name, Komissarzhevskaya acted in the role of Larisa in Bespridannitse "Ostrovsky.

Her Larissa - a fragile, shy, soft. He speaks quietly and simply kept so that all becomes clear, as unhappy in this world and has long been unhappy. In the author′s guidance Ostrovsky says that Larissa sings a famous romance Glinka "questioned." Vera Fyodorovna replaced it more appropriate in the sense of drama ancient Italian romance, "He told me ..."

Komissarzhevskaya shows the spiritual tragedy of the heroine. Paraty deceived Larisa, trampled dreams of human happiness. Living it is now intolerable. Better to die than to vegetate for dishonesty and deceit. Let death, but it - freedom. The ideal of a new woman, rushing to the happiness, freedom and light, stood before Komissarzhevskaya.

Photo: "Komissarzhevskaya FAITH Fedorovna"

That was the birth of new plays.

The success was complete. "Bespridannitsa" for many days, took the theatrical imagination Petersburg. Get tickets for this performance, it was almost impossible.

Exactly a month later, on 17 October, Komissarzhevskaya famous say: "I - seagull ... No, not that ... I am an actress. " Biographies of the actress and her heroine Nina Zarechny frighteningly fit. Unhappy, lonely Nina firm says: "When I think about one′s calling, then I am not afraid of life." Komissarzhevskaya seems that these words belong to her. After rehearsals Chekhov wrote: "Komissarzhevskaya plays amazingly." He later recalled: "No one so true, so true, so deeply do not understand me, as Vera Fyodorovna ... Wonderful actress. "

His second season in the theater Alexandrinsky Komissarzhevskaya start Sashenki role in "Ivanov" Chekhov. She has played a vital Sashenku, truthful and original, returning the youth of the early play by Chekhov.

Topic rescue dying young, fighting for her right to happiness and honesty actress has continued in the role of Natasha Bobrova to play "fairy tale" I. Potapenko. Artist M. Sazonov, taken in the play, explained the huge success of both the middle piece: "It was all Natasha breakthrough and protest. The impact on the viewer Komissarzhevskaya could be compared only with the impact on society by Leo Tolstoy and AP Chekhov. Writers conquered the mind of the reader; Komissarzhevskaya irresistibly acted in a sense. It forced other people′s hearts to beat in the same passion and negoduyusche as her own heart beating. "

The first benefit to Alexandrinsky the stage she was at the end of the third season - 18 February 1899. Komissarzhevskaya chose to play the role of Wari ′Dikarka. Actress one′s comic skill. The audience was in raptures.

While working in the theater at Alexandrinsky Komissarzhevskaya develop close relations with the main director Evtihiem Pavlovich Karpov. But creative differences and gradually lead to the breakdown of the personal. He worshiping Ostrovsky and blamed for the abandonment of the Faith of Maria Andreyevna ( "Poor Bride"), believing that the actress "has sought to portray types louse hand effects." In turn Komissarzhevskaya were dissatisfied with their repertoire. In January 1899 she wrote Чехову: "I play endlessly, play things, very few speak the mind and the little soul, - the latter is compressed, dries, and if there was any fontanelle, he will soon lose."

Komissarzhevskaya think this test for the talent to become a classic. 8 Feb., 1900 actress played Desdemona, and after a few days, delivered in the re-production with the participation of the Italian tragedian T. Salvini. Your Komissarzhevskaya were his words: "It does not feel the tragedy." Two failures in Shakespeare′s repertoire (Komissarzhevskaya also played Ofelia in "Hamlet"), the actress was forced to abandon the dream to play Juliet.

In spring 1900, a group of theater actors Alexandrinsky went on tour in the southern Russian city. The leading actors were Varlamov, Komissarzhevskaya and Hodotov. Nicholas Hodotov, submitting to spiritual authority Vera Feodorovna, was obedient, pliant student. She admired them.

Photo: "Komissarzhevskaya FAITH Fedorovna"

He was in love with her. She was 36 years old, he was - 22. Convergence has happened with rapid speed. If Komissarzhevskaya it was the "big novel, a young Hodotova - the most significant event in his biography. Four years later, opened his theater, it will break the relationship with him ...

January 30, 1901 in its second and final stage of benefit to Alexandrinsky Komissarzhevskaya Marikki played a role in the play "Night Lights Ivanova G. Zudermana. "I will play the incomprehensible, alien, lonely creature," - said Komissarzhevskaya. But Vera Fyodorovna Marikku showed not only unfortunate, but protesters. Protecting yourself and your beloved in a brutal fight with a brutal life, Marikka forced to follow the wolf laws.

In February of 1902 at Alexandrinsky scene was "Faust" with Komissarzhevskaya in the role of Margarita. Newspapers noisily heralded success of the actress: "Where is the hidden until now such a huge force of talent, passion, truth, depth and thoughtful?" She admires Stanislavsky. Yermolov, excitedly repeating: "Well, can we both play" - brings flowers backstage. Each new show was turned into a triumph for the actress.

Dream to create their own theater led Komissarzhevskaya Alexandrinsky leave the theater and to negotiate on the tour, with entrepreneurs and A. S. Saburova Kruchininym. The actress will play in September 15, 1902 until 15 May 1903. Novelty tour season was the play Zudermana "Homeland." Komissarzhevskaya road cardiac limpeza heroine, the ability to not only feel, but think.

In early 1903, she played a new role - Wari ( "Question" by Suvorina) and Anna Demurinoy ( "The Price of Life" V. Nemirovich-Danchenko). In these roles the actress has invested so much "genuine despair that hovers in the theater of terror." On the performance of Anna Demurinoy wrote: "Like a string tender and melodic zazvuchala from the scene and did not find sympathy around the response, all sounded wistful and dreary until zazvenela gusts insane despair nadryvom all of the soul."

September 15, 1904 at the Italian street theater "Passage" tragedy Gutskova K. "Uriel Acosta" Vera Fyodorovna opened its own theater. She declined to name the theater its name. Deliberately set the first performance "Urielya Acosta, which was not busy, to show the work of the ensemble.

"Doll′s House" was the second performance Dramatic Theater. Its premiere in St. Petersburg on 17 September 1904. Renowned critic Yuri Belyaev believed "Nora" almost better the role of "artist. For impression Belyayeva, Komissarzhevskaya "riddled with reflections by powerful trembling of his feelings - in protest transformed suffer, live in pain. In mournful speeches Nora - Komissarzhevskaya truth was thin, beautiful art otgadka.

November 10, 1904 the premiere of "summer residents" Gorky. "Barbarians Komissarzhevskaya played absolutely amazing, - recalls actress MF Andreyeva. - The whole theater was shocked. " Komissarzhevskaya itself, according to memoirs of his brother, Barbara′s role is not loved, but understood the value of play for the life of the theater. In October next year, the theater showed Gorky play "Children of the Sun." "Komissarzhevskaya invested in the role of Lisa, all the nerves, the whole gamut of his sincerely shaky voice, all the sorrow and frustration lives so close to her and suitable talents" - wrote, NP Asheshov.

Starting his first season in the theater Noroy, Komissarzhevskaya completed his other ibsenovskoy heroine - Guild ( "Builder Solnes).

Photo: "Komissarzhevskaya FAITH Fedorovna"

Solnesa played Bravicea. Audiences has been a great success.

Drama Theater to include in his repertoire of classics and, as a result of the desire to retain the crown of Komissarzhevskaya. At the same time, the theater needs its own art direction. In May 1906, Komissarzhevskaya sign a contract with a young director VE Meyerhold. Her theater moved to new premises at the officer. Vera Fyodorovna optimistic about the future.

Season 1906/07 year marked the opening of simvolistskogo theater in Russia. For four months, showed ten performances. However, no role meyerholdovskoy time, except for Beatrice in "Sister Beatrice" by M. Maeterlinck, did not bring joy Komissarzhevskaya. Playing Beatrice, she has not changed me. Vera Fyodorovna again acted to protect the offended, unfortunate. And the death of Beatrice became not defeat it, and vivid protest against brutality, banality, cruelty of life.

Komissarzhevskaya felt a growing dissatisfaction. The theater lost viewers, the debts grew. Vera Fyodorovna did not realize that the best performances simvolistskie not need more talent. Poet A. White spoke categorically: "... the most Komissarzhevskaya in this theater has nothing to do: it would be regrettable to destroy her talent."

At the beginning of season 1908/09 year have failed, two more performances, staged by Meyerhold - "Pelleas et Melisande" by M. Maeterlinck, and "victory of death" by F. Sologub. Komissarzhevskaya invited Meyerhold to leave the theater. Dissatisfied director called Faith Fyodorovna to a court of honor, but lost on all counts charged.

The repertoire of the Drama Theater remained "victory of death", "Spring Awakening," "Eternal Tale", "Gedda Gabler," "Life of Man" and not even the favorite actress of "Wedding Zobeide. Contemporaries recall the words of Komissarzhevskaya recent years with: "I no longer live on stage. I lost my previous "I" rather than a new nazhila. Play then to bring the audience pleasure, I am not able to. " Friends noticed that her creative energy of the early dry up.

Komissarzhevskaya understand that the head of the theater does not have. After breaking with Meyerhold, she sought the assistance of the poet-symbolist VY Brusov.

In the diaries Brusov there is a record: "1907, autumn 1908, spring. Meeting and learning, and convergence with Komissarzhevskaya. Acute days and hours. Her arrival in Moscow. Translation of "Pelleas et Melisande." Later, in St. Petersburg in the first representation of the play. Great night. Terjemahan "Francesca da Rimini." The hard work of three weeks. The gap Komissarzhevskaya with Meyerhold. Inability to play. In spring, my approach with Lensky. I promise it′s Francesca. Komissarzhevskaya displeasure. "

A sense of crisis, the relationship to the female poet. It sees itself as hapless sister Beatrice. The memory of past lives in a rebel mood dying nun riot. By suffering Beatrice calls himself Komissarzhevskaya in letters to Brusov. In these letters intertwined intimate relationships and business. Her emotions, activity, appeals born presage a similar catastrophe, the poet moved to Brusov. His answers - beautiful poetry.

Roads them apart. Both felt the crisis of symbolism, and each in his own way away from him.

Photo: "Komissarzhevskaya FAITH Fedorovna"

Conversation was lively again. Emerging poem. But relations took uzkolichny nature.

This is the latest, most harrowing period of the actress. All care last two years focused on the maintenance of physical theater. It was decided to go to America. The tour took place from 15 March to 2 May, 1908 and the actress seemed bad dream, although she enjoyed great success with the public. Correspondent "Ivning Journal wrote about Komissarzhevskaya:" It′s the biggest actress is currently in New York. She is one of the greatest actresses the world. Does not make her wait for recognition, as was waiting for Duse. University professors of drama, behave themselves and their students go to study in Russian theater. "

The new season began in Moscow. Were all in September. For its old glory, a new criticized. Over the past two seasons in the theater there′s Francesca da Rimini "G. D′Annunzio, and" Judith F. Gebbelya. The theater has remained faithful to Symbolism.

Actress renewed "Dikarku, Bespridannitsu", "Motherland". The audience were pleased with the regular meeting Komissarzhevskaya. Noisy and solemnly took turns fifteen stage actress. September 17, 1908, she played at the Hermitage in Moscow Dikarku. It took countless delegations, received hundreds of telegrams, the stage is buried in flowers.

Komissarzhevskaya trying to work on new images in a realistic manner. So, after Francesca da Rimini, she played Elina ( "The Gates kingdom K. Gamsuna), and next to Judith appears Mirandolina (" hostess "C. Goldoni).

The season ended in February hundredth presentation of "Doll House." A triumph, after which she and the troupe went on tour to four cities in Siberia. But the trip did not bring joy. Komissarzhevskaya seriously ill middle ear inflammation, narrowly escaped the operation, all but tore off all performances.

Two months after the start of season 1909/10 year Komissarzhevskaya decided to leave the theater. She had the idea of creating theatrical training schools for new talent. "The new theater is possible only with new people. They need to bring up. The theater is closed, all dedicated to the formation of a school drama. " However, she promised to complete the planned tour.

Kiev, Kharkov, Odessa, Tiflis, Baku, Ashgabat, Samarkand, Tashkent ... The latest news from Komissarzhevskaya, which was white, was a prospect of touring from February to May 1910. At the back of the actress wrote: "I do. I will wait. "

Alas, it hopes not to be true. 10 (23) February Komissarzhevskaya died in Tashkent on black pox. "Butterfly Boy" was the last performance of her life. Funerals were popular. Above the tomb of Alexander Nevsky Lavra made a farewell friends, students, writers, actors and public figures. In Russia, after Paul Mochalova and Martinova funeral was not a solemn and crowded.

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