PLATO(427-347 BC) His name - one of the most illustrious in the history not only of philosophy but also of humanity. He was born in Athens in the aristocratic family, was named Aristokl (the nickname Plato, from the Greek "platus" big, wide, and gave him a broad forehead Socrates). Sooner Geraklita passion for philosophy, Parmenida, Zeno. In the 407 was met with Socrates and became his closest disciple. After the execution of the teachers had to leave his native city. Many traveled to Greece, Southern Italy, Sicily, Egypt, meeting with prominent thinkers. His views have influenced the followers of Pythagoras, philosophers of the East. Returning to Athens, Plato founded his school - the Academy (on location in Athens, where among the trees was a monument to the hero Academ). It lasted until 529 years - nine centuries! - And was banned by Emperor Justinianus. Their ideas about the state policies and Plato tried to put into practice by becoming an advisor Syracuse tyrant Dionysius. An attempt failed: the tyrant is not reasonably and conscientious. Plato set out his views in his book "Laws. " The ideal state he slave, well-organized. And though the philosopher later criticized for inhumane attitudes, really for that era, he was right. Posts Plato: - Our space is a living being, endowed with soul and mind, and he truly was born with the help of divine providence. - Anything that causes a transition from nonexistence to existence, - creativity. - Does not the shameful ignorance - imagine, if you know what you do not know. - Poet . . . to create myths, rather than speculation. - No gold need to bequeath to children, and most conscientious. One of the remarkable features of Plato: a literary talent, his ability not only to make a wise idea, but express them in artistic form. His dialogues are organized under the laws of drama, acting not so much on feelings than on reason. By the way, he was the author of epigrammatist, of which 25 survived. Among them is love, devoted to girls and boys, there are playful: Gold is a man, drop that rope: The one who lost it, was able to tie the noose yourself. In one epigram he suggested philosophical: All of which were claiming his time during the changes Name and form of things, their nature and destiny. And in the treatise he poetically called time moving likeness of eternity. Further clarifies the "moving from number to number, that is measured, although, apparently, is not necessarily uniformly. (This combination of eternity, and the variability has not yet take into account the philosophers, who pondered on the subject.  Photo — «Plato» ) Plato′s remarkable achievement - the creation of an ideal image of the philosopher Socrates. This identity remains enigmatic, famous mainly thanks to the works of Plato, which is virtually impossible to separate the author and his main character. Were or were not in fact talk of Socrates, in a form that gave them Plato? Rather - not because they definitely feel the hand of the master, and not just pereskazchika. In the time of Plato in Greece, reached the highest level of tragedy and comedy, that′s his dialogues are interesting tie, a sharp conflict, a dynamic plot and unexpected finale. Logical design arranged with extraordinary grace. Heroes dialogues with individual traits, Socrates - teaches not only wisdom but also of morality. His method of proof - with the help of guidance on the findings that refute their initial approval. Skills are taught to speak, the culture of thinking. This particular stress. Over the past decade because of the primitive understanding of scientific knowledge, which reduces it to store and classify the facts, made to think that the main thing - to communicate certain information, and only the findings, they say, everyone can do it. But the main thing is the ability to work with facts to think about them, compare with others, to separate the important from the side, to understand their degree of reliability, etc. The avalanche of information turns into noise, not conducive to the clarification, and debris and zatumanivaniyu consciousness. The art of thinking посложней ability to play musical instruments or on the stage, he′s just tried to teach readers Plato. His philosophical system is devoted to a huge number of studies. She deserves it is because it is the first whole concept is logically coherent, and come down to us in the most complete form. He created a system of objective idealism, developed the questions of dialectics, cosmology, theory of knowledge, aesthetics, psychology, pedagogy, political science, ethics, art. His judgments are not deprived of contradictions. They were written at different times, and views of the philosopher can not remain petrified as dogma. Yes and it is unlikely that he aims to construct something like a completed and coherent philosophical teachings. First, he demonstrated the art of thinking dialectically. . . . The reader is to get acquainted with the thoughts of Plato, his works. In my opinion, to the thinkers sought to understand his surroundings and his internal world as objective observers, as if from outside the exclusion. However, a person cognizant makes something new in the world - ideas, images. He creates his vision of the world, not only materially and no less real (at least for him, a man), the world of ideas.  Photo — «Plato» So, speaking of the beautiful, he is referring to specific objects, and something much more sublime and beyond the changes - the very idea of beauty. Materialist will say: but the ideas created by our mind! Idealist objects: but there may be something out of nothing? Materialist: people can lie, excogitate something preposterous real world. Idealist: and all the creatures of the imagination there are certain prerequisites, the original forms that exist outside the person. Materialist: but the idea - so much speculative, while the world around us merely material. Idealist: you believe in his idea of matter? Materialist: it is not a belief, a conviction based on experience. The real thing I can feel, to explore with the help of instruments. Idealist: you mean specific things, and matter - this is a common idea. Materialist: but this idea reflects the reality. Idealist: hence, the idea of reality shows reality ideas . . . The dialogue goes on. However, I would like to transfer him to another plane. In the past century, science was enriched concept, which allows the bridge at this point discuss the positions of the two sides. This - information. It is present in all, not a material. And other concepts: organization, showing the extent of the harmonious interaction of parts of a whole. Plato, thinking of the immortal soul, which is "a kind of harmony, consists of bodily tension began," not thinking, of course, for information. But the soul is connected with the body, in principle, as well as information - from its physical carrier. Either way, in other cases we are united. All historical sciences, from geology, using data on long-past events, the missing objects. Memory of Earth, humanity, identity - a repository of information, rather than those of real objects to which it shows. Although in these cases the information has its tangible embodiment. Plato defined the idea of (information) on your mood: "colorless, formless and intangible essence, the essence of its current, visible for only one Helmsman soul - the mind. " You can continue the discourse. The information (we will use this word, unknown to Plato) is present in the world objectively, outside the will and desire of the people. So, it belongs to reason much more extensive, vseobemleschemu - Universal or Divine. The soul of man is constantly looking for good, and God′s mind the idea of a universal benefit and feasibility of world order. Some well justified by the system of objective idealism of Plato. Thinker operates ideas. They are for the primary, fundamental. However, it is difficult to accept that that is the nature and the world around us.  Photo — «Plato» Although the man - his generation, a microcosm, this still does not mean that the whole universe is like us, especially when it comes to learning. In fact, Plato himself recognized that God is no need to pursue knowledge, for he is already omniscient. Some philosophers believe that the conflict between idealistic and materialistic are irreconcilable nature. As if it is imperative to choose one of two training exercises! Reasonable, perhaps, to recognize the possibility of their synthesis, the unity of consciousness and matter. Another option: to distinguish between situations which are better for a balance of consciousness and matter (they can count no less than seven). Plato appears ancestor for information, though very vaguely expressed (which is quite natural: the wise idea crystallized often gradually) In addition, emphasizing the priority of ideas over matter, he identified one of the important features of the philosophy, distinguish it from science: subjectivity and reflection, the pursuit study not only natural but also the learning process. After all, people talk about the universe or of God, puts them in their intellectual world, obemlet their own minds. And even giving God sverhobychnye quality thinker still include them in their mental structure, in its role as demiurge (the information). Science strives for objectivity, avoid such constructions. According to Plato′s mind goes back, breaking the four stages, from lowest to highest. Originally - the state of uncertainty, conjectural, as there are images, like dreams, or reflect the fluctuating water. Then there is the view that distinguish physical objects from their reflection in consciousness, with people relying on your sensual experience. (It may be supplemented by: connecting the two stages belief that helps to orient themselves in the uncertainty. ) The third step - the transition to the level of reason, when understood not only concrete objects but also ideas, ideas man operates, not just the reality. Finally, the final step to understanding the benefit (of the order, organization). Easy to notice that each subsequent step in this scheme does not exclude the previous ones, but in the final synthesis, which can be defined as "outlook", destined to take his place, and faith, and believe, and science, and philosophy . . . Became a common practice the term "platonic love". She does not reject the bodily love affection, but presents it as a primitive form of lower, not beyond the perishable, unreliable, short, and even fleeting. "No, really, if that love, Plato thinks, that something more durable, more reliable, more stable . . . Already better then eternal love and dedication to marry with the ideal and passion to get involved in something heavenly and immortal "- as explained his views known historian of philosophy AF Losev.  Photo — «Plato» The task of education, according to Plato, - to bring the person to realize the ideas and benefits to the highest love, clearing the mind and soul. Children should be taught in the best examples. As the body grows stronger in exercises and in need of food, so the soul requires the education and spiritual food: books, interviews, beautiful music, most of all - of philosophical ideas. And in government should be guided by philosophy. To lead the country as a ship on the high seas, should helmsman, versed in his art. Otherwise likely to die, not only the state but also the entire human race. It is ironic to hope that such a ruler may elect a democratic majority. People tend to come from the opinions and not of the ideas and knowledge. And these views are far from objective. Indeed, in every city, there are two hostile: "a poor city, the other - in both rich and - again a lot of cities . . . " And because democracy, like any extreme, inevitably leads to tyranny, a "freedom of the highest . . . - A dramatic and brutal slavery. " However, in Plato, we did not find any specific recommendations for the creation of an ideal state: it is based on the slave system that existed in his time. Still, his conclusion that the transition of democracy to totalitarianism deserves serious attention in our time. The point is that, controlling the means of "mass media" are relatively easy to shape public opinion by manipulating them at the discretion of those to whom these funds are subject. When the socialist system they belong to the state (more precisely - the leaders, hakim), under capitalism - the most wealthy people and organizations. If the first case can still go there to benefit the nation as a whole, the second bound to the use of power above all and primarily in the interests of capital (the "city-rich" - for Plato). Developed in our time psihotehnologii permit through electronic means agitation and propaganda, narcotization public consciousness to establish not only economic but also spiritual totalitarianism - the most hopeless. That is the way of formal democracy to the spiritual slavery of people with seemingly all political rights. And more. Idealism of Plato assumes something higher, which should be pursued. The person should have a high and bright end. Only then he is worthy of existence in this world, rife with solar heat and light, performance ideas and give people for good. |
