ABOUT THE TITLE AND "HONOR"

"Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language" VI Dahl word "title" defines as "an honor, glorification, the naming of rank and dignity. " In ancient Rome, to senior officials, and especially the emperor, assigned, in particular, and such honors as the "Father of the Fatherland. " Often they were composed of titles of territories or tribes, subordinated to a particular commander, for example, "Emperor Claudius gothic.

Generic title, used by the ancient Greeks and Romans, were not considered affiliation of an individual or kind: the more likely they were only a sign of aristocratic or patrician origin, and use it in any public and civic affairs was unnecessary. Among the Greeks, it signified the addition to the generic name of the end of the Eid, for example, Heraclides, Pisistrad and T e.

Names of free Romans consisted of three parts. Gaius Julius Caesar: Gaius - a personal name (pronomen), Julius - the genus name (nomen), as well as a kind of Julian considered his ancestor of the mythical hero Yule - the son of Aeneas, Caesar - a nickname (kognomen), retaining one of the branches of the family. Generic nicknames in the plebeian tribes originally absent: people of low origin and soldiers who have received Roman citizenship after the end of military service, they never had. But even each of the many offshoots of the ancient patrician birth was his nickname. Some kognomeny derived from nicknames, pointing to the exterior of man. For example, one of the members of the genus Tullio tip of the nose was like a pea (in Latin - cicero), and so his descendants have received the generic nickname of Cicero. Some generic naming the Romans had a definite meaning, for example, Cecilia - blind, Fabius - Bob portion - the pig and m e. Other nicknames referred to the character: Brutus - bushman, and the North - a cruel and m e.

Traditionally personal names among the Romans got four older sons: the first - is the same as his father, the rest as the name appropriated ordinals (Quint - the fifth, Sextus - the sixth and T E). Or illegitimate child born after his father′s death, received the name of the Spur (controversial).

In France, as supposed Russian scientist IN Boltin, "noble named only those whom origin was not desecrated any stain of slavery. " This class was formed by the invading Franks Roman province of Gaul. Tribe francs the land from local residents, which turned into slaves, and the Franks themselves were considered nobility. Even when slaves gained their freedom, holders of noble titles were considered only the descendants of "noble francs. IN Boltin even emphasized that the conquerors divided the lands conquered by the Gauls themselves and took place here the Roman nobles.

Genesis of the French nobility Russian scientist, followed by a Scot W. Robertson, linked with the "coup" in the land.

"Over time, landowners paid the grant of the manor in demesne, and finally, using the general beznachalstvom and mood, staged autocratic and independent. Titles Duksa and Komichi (ie, the Duke and the Count. - NI), the Vicomte and the Marquise were first rank, position tokmo to death, but did after hereditary from father to son. They staged autocratic in those areas, koi they have been entrusted by the sovereign, in control and defense.

Thus, the French nobles were in the period of feudal fragmentation formidable and high-handed class, who control the French king was not under the force of as many as 500 years.

The state depended on the vassals, koi only in words were subject to kings, as in most things in the possession of each man was an autocrat, and many of them were stronger than the king. The fragmentation of the country and the domination of nobles vassals began to fall only with the policy of King Louis XI to consolidate absolutism ". 1

The system of Russian titles, like many other innovations, has developed under Peter I. The title "prince" - Chief, master, or ruler of the principality - was once the only in Russia. EP Karnovich in his book "Ancestral nicknames and titles in Russia," 2 says the word in a purely Slavic origin, although it is usually assumed his Scandinavian origin: "Prince" is derived from the Swedish "konung. " The same was said in the "Dictionary of the Russian Language VI Dahl, but the Finnish scientist M. Ryasanan believes that the title "prince" - of Chinese origin, as the title of his top aides - Chiune (Chinese counterpart - tudun). Borrowing the title, seems somewhat confusing, because in China tudun was a "caretaker of the water", while in Russia, as you know, irrigated agriculture in the X-XII centuries, was not.

Photo — «About The Title
and "honor"»

EP Karnovich argues that the title "prince" has long existed among the Slavic tribes who had no relations with the Normans and the Vikings. But if in other countries, it has lost its value, then in Russia remained longer, and for centuries it was worn Russian The sovereign person - and the great princes of the unit (top) Princes. Grand Dukes of Russia were many - Ryazan, Smolensk, Tver and Yaroslavl, but with the subordination of the Duchy of Moscow were only "Grand Prince of Moscow. " However, they later added to his, which seemed already modest, the new title - the title of "king" (the emperor, the monarch, supreme ruler of the people, land, or state), while retaining the title "Grand Duke".

Interesting version brings Cand. Phil. Sci EI Kucherenko of Middle Eastern origin of this title. "Kings" called their rulers the Assyrians and Babylonians, but they have the word pronounced as "Sharri" or "cap". Sometimes, the title belonged to the king′s own name. Thus, Akkadian ruler Sargon I, who seized power, but not received it by the law of succession, called himself "Sharrukin" (the true king). The word "cap", as a component part, is present in the names of such kings as Nabopolasar, Salpanasar and Tiglath-Pileser.

After the adoption of the Grand Prince Ivan IV the title of king′s sons began to wear the title "princess" and "great princes", and his daughter - the title of "princesses" and "grand duchesses. "King" in Russia was supplemented by the title "autocrat," which has historically meant the independence of the imperial power from the Golden Horde.

Rhode Romanov boyars, of which there was a new Russian tsar, was not a prince, but he has long been close family Rurik, and was even similar to it. Andrei Ivanovich, the first ancestor of the Romanovs, went to Russia from Prussia in the early XIV century, under Ivan Kalita and immediately became a close person to the Grand Duke. His son Theodore and his grandson Ivan (named Koshkin) is considered the main advisers of Vasili I. From Zahar′s son Ivan, born this began surname Zakharins, but from Yuri (son of Zechariah) - Zakharins-Jurjevyh. Finally the son of Yuri - Roman - was the progenitor of the Romanov family. It is from this sort of Ivan the Terrible chose a spouse Avdotya Romanovna - the daughter of Roman Yu.

In 1721 Peter I adopted the title "emperor". In Western Europe, this title is usually belonged to the ruler of a powerful monarchy, and getting it authorized the authority of the pope. By the beginning of XVIII century emperor was named head of the Holy Roman Empire, Germanic nation. With the introduction in Russia the title of the emperor the title of "prince" remained at the king′s sons and daughters are no longer referred to as the "Queen" and "tsesarevna. " Subsequently, the Emperor Paul I abolished these titles, and all his descendants to the fifth tribe provided such titles as "Grand Duke" and "grand duchesses" with "Imperial Highness".

By special social class categories were titles of nobility - light princes, dukes and introduced by Peter I princely and baronial dignity. Historically, each title means the degree of feudal autonomy. The generic title could bestow only the monarch, and he passed on to descendants only through the male line. Woman, married, become a generic name of her husband and became a princess, baroness or a countess. Their daughter, married, lost his title as the husband of his transfer was impossible.

Before the October Revolution in Russia, there were only three titles of nobility: Prince, Count and Baron. While in ancient Rus award honors not there, there were many princes. They belonged to the descendants of Grand Duke Rurik ( "Cornet Obolensky," belonged to the Rurikovich), the descendants of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas (Gediminians belonged to the "Lieutenant Golitsyn"), and foreigners, mainly to Mordovians and Tatars.

The value of many princely families was declining because of fragmentation or even decline of their ancestral lands. Even Ivan III strengthened its power over the possessions of princes, weakened their personal credibility as advisers to the emperor, restricted the right of princes over their fiefdoms. But even all this was not enough to destroy the specific orders, and then Ivan III resorted to a decisive way - stripped of many of the princes of their hereditary possessions.

But despite the suppression of a 1700 crown prince of many families that have occurred from them princely families, there were 47. For example, Gagarin was born at that time by 27 representatives, and the genus princes Volkonskiis - 30.

In the progeny of Gediminas to 1700 in Russia there were four princely kind: Kurakin, Galitzine, Trubetskoy and Khovanskys. Sovereign birth Tatar, Mordovia, and Georgian origin in a total of 10 times higher than in numbers princely birth of Russian origin. This happened because in XVI-XVII centuries to spread Christianity among the Tatars and Mordovians Russian czars commanded Tatar murzas and Mordvin "punks" to write the name of the Prince, if they accepted the Christian faith. Subsequently, the Tartar prince genera (Igoberdyevyh, Shaysupovyh and others) have acquired great wealth and nobility. These included Prince Urusov (descendants of the Prince of the Nogai Edigeya - one of the leaders of Tamerlane), Cherkassy (considered to be descendants of the Egyptian Sultan Inal and rulers Kabarda) and Yusupov (they were the same genus with Urusov, and his rise to the location required on the part of powerful Biron).

Before Peter I award prince or any other honorary titles did not happen, except only the title of "distinguished" person. He bestowed still Ivan the Terrible one Stroganoff, who was involved in doctoring. Subsequently, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich the title of "eminent persons" you come across Stroganovs, but it was not a title of nobility or imposed to the noble rank. However, in the Siberian retained chronicles the story of that Ermak Timofeevich, the first conqueror of Siberia, was supposedly granted the title of Ivan the Terrible Siberian Prince, but it raises doubts among historians.

Very rare was the title of His Serene Highness Prince: the first in Russia it was awarded AD Menshikov in 1707, the last - AM Gorchakov in 1871.

After Peter I, Russian rulers as much as 90 years, no one disliked princely title, because that kind Rurik by this time become so impoverished that no one was flattered to receive this title. Even less someone wanted to imitate many of the Tatar and Georgian princes. To raise the princely dignity in Russia, it was necessary to show the sheen of power and greatness of this title, as happened in the reign of Catherine II.

If it were among the princes of this environment that later Emperor Paul I, with all the grounds could be considered the award of the princely dignity extraordinary award, especially with the title of "Highness". Under Paul I first such award was granted to April 5, 1797 Vice-Chancellor Count AA Bezborodko, then the emperor granted the princes of the procurator-general, PV Lopuchin and Field Marshal Earl A. Suvorov (with the title of Prince of Italy). Higher degree princely title was the title of "Grand Duke", which belonged only to members of the imperial family.

At the turn of XVII-XVIII centuries in Russia, a new title of nobility - the count. First, the value of this title was not very clear to the Russian people, and those who received it, do not even know how to write in their signatures, they have the letter "Pert" is replaced with the letter "phi". Soon, however, this title was very honorable, because wearing it became prominent princes, nobles, dignitaries and close to the sovereign people.

Since Peter I of Russia had the title of Count, different in their awards: Russia Empire graphs and graphs of the Holy Roman Empire, and then began to appear the foreigners have come to such a title in the Russian citizenship or to receive it after by various influential personages. The first in Russia became Field Marshal Earl FA Golovin - General-Admiral, my lord, and president of the Ambassadors of the order. After him, the title was granted AD Menshikov and GI Golovkin, but they were not "Russian" graphs, as these titles were bestowed them as emperors of other states. The first is Russia′s own count was Field Marshal BP Sheremetev, received the title of Peter I in 1706 to quell a riot musketeers in Astrakhan.

In 1709 Peter I granted it the title of chancellor, GI Golovkin, who had been with him in 1706 by Emperor Joseph I. In 1710 the king was especially generous in distributing the title of Count. He granted them Boyar IA Musin-Pushkin, general-admiral VM Apraksin and Boyar PM Apraksin, as well as his former teacher Nikita Zotov - the spread of this title and his descendants.

Catherine II the title of Count Russia Empire bestowed relatively few. However, during her long reign, several Russian subjects, a low rank or not had no rank, Count′s got the dignity of foreign sovereigns. Emperor Paul I, in contrast to the mother, an unusually generous handing out the title of Count. After 6 days of his reign, he granted it to Major-General AG Bobrinsky, and the day of his coronation, he granted the "graphs of Imperial Russia three Vorontsov, AA Bezborodko, State Councilor IV Zavadovsky and some others that were already Count of the Holy Roman Empire.

Photo — «About The Title
and "honor"»

Quite a lot of noble families in Russia have had a few generic titles. For example, AV Suvorov, after the defeat of the Turks in Focsani and Rymnik in 1789 received the title of Count Rymniksky, and from the Austrian emperor - the title of Count of the Holy Roman Empire. Ten years later, after several victories over the French army, the Emperor Paul I granted the AV Suvorov title of Prince of Italy, and commanded him to establish a monument in St. Petersburg. Field-Marshal IF Paskevich, one of four full-holders of the Order of St. George, received the first title of Count of Erivan, and then - the Prince of Warsaw.

The most honorable in medieval Europe was the title of Baron, where the "baron" implies not only a senior government ranks, but all the feudal lords, though they have had other titles (ducal, princely, markgrafskie, etc. ). During the Crusades, this title was inscribed on the East and there also got a big honor, because it kept the memory of the leaders of the Crusaders, who had taken Jerusalem from the Muslims. Over time, Western Europe baronial title gradually began to not only lose its former importance, but even to come to disdain.

Barons only by title and not on public lands, has become particularly large when the old Germanic rulers arrogated to themselves the right to distribute this title.

In Russia the word "baron" was translated as "free lord", but until the reign of Peter I "Russian" barons was not at all. In 1710 the title was first granted podkantsleru PP Shafirov, after 11 years - privy councilor AI Osterman Nishtadtskogo the conclusion of peace, and in 1722 was granted to the barons of the three brothers Stroganoff, who carried up to that time the title of "eminent persons". In many cases, the award barony meant both nobility.

Together with aristocratic titles Peter I borrowed in Europe and the external signs of noble dignity - emblems and certificates of nobility. In 1722 he established the post of Heraldry, which commanded and to issue diplomas to the nobility and coats of arms of all the nobility, rising to chief officers. Interest in heraldry in Russia began to grow so rapidly that many arbitrarily invent itself, armorial bearings, and some have even appropriated emblems of the royal rulers and noble families.

According to "Table of Ranks" when referring to persons who had certain rank, a person of equal rank or lower were supposed to use the following titles: "Your Excellency" (to those in the rank classes I and II), "Your Excellency" ; (to rank III and IV classes) and m e. In addition, in Russia there were titles, which were used when referring to members of the royal family and people of noble origin:

"Your Imperial Majesty" - to the Emperor, Empress and Dowager Empress;

"Your Imperial Highness" - the Grand Duke (children and grandchildren of the Emperor), and in the years 1797-1886 and to the grandchildren and great-grandchildren of the Emperor;

"Your Highness" - the princes of imperial blood;

"Your Lordship" - to the younger children to great-grandsons of the emperor and their male descendants, as well as His Serene Highness Prince of awards;

"Your excellency" - when referring to the princes, counts, dukes and barons.

When referring to the spiritual people in Russia were used the following titles:

"Your Eminence" - to the Metropolitan and the Archbishop;

"Your Eminence" - to the bishops;

"Your Eminence" - to archimandrites and abbots of monasteries, and archpriest of the priest;

"Your reverence" - to the archdeacon and deacons.

But after the February Revolution, the Order of the Petrograd Soviet of Workers ′and Soldiers′ Deputies called off the mandatory saluting out of service, standing up "in front" and appeal to the officers using the title "Your Honor," "Your Excellency", etc. Instead, imposing treatment " ; Mr. General, " Lord Lieutenant "and t E

In November 1917 the Council of People′s Commissars adopted a decree on the destruction of estates and civil ranks. During the month, the Senate had been abolished and the State Council, and with them, and ranks Senators and members of the State Council. Decree of 16 December "The equation of all the servicemen′s rights, abolished all ranks, all the imperial and royal order, prohibiting the use of private titles to the treatment of" Sir "and destroyed all the other class distinctions between citizens of Russia.