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Order of St. Andrew At the ends of the cross placed letters at the top - "S" and "A" (Saint Andrew), at the bottom - "P" and "R" (Patron of Russia). Placed in the crosshairs of the same cross, but smaller, and its gold background Crucifixion of St. Andrew. Top insignia crowned Russia′s crown XVII century with the ears, so it can be hung from the Order′s chain or tape. Cross of the Order of St. Andrew was attached to a wide blue ribbon worn over his right shoulder, and on festive occasions - in gold, covered with multicolored enamel chain on his chest. The chain consisted of alternating links with special symbolic images on each of them: double-headed eagle, the Saltire in the radiant glow, blue cartouche with two crossed in Latin letters "P" - monogram Peter I. Monogram crowned red crown, and the edges adorned military paraphernalia. |
MEDALS AND PRESS Falsdmitry I On the reverse side of the coin Western influence is apparent only in the crown, crowning the eagle, and in an elaborate shield, on which this eagle is depicted. However, the picture itself eagle represents the Byzantine type. The medal is, as historians believe, was intended for distribution to foreigners during the coronation Falsdmitry, since the images and inscriptions on it the Russian people were not clear. However, the very design of medals, was clearly designed to ensure that attention and Russian citizens, and foreign patrons pretender. It is no accident was depicted in the royal crown and named "Emperor" and "Caesar" - the title is not characteristic of Russian tsars. Lzhedmitry understood their dependence on the Polish patrons, so the coronation medals and became the first means of struggle for recognition of his royal title. |
PREMIUM RUSSIAN WEAPONS From ancient times to the present day one of the symbols of valor and courage is a weapon, so among the prizes for feats of arms premium weapons is one of the most honorable places. In Russia, the award for his service weapon and the king of the Fatherland means only since 1807, but have distinguished themselves in battle Russian soldiers expensive and beautiful weapon bestowed back in the old days. And it happened so long ago that the military scientists and even difficult to answer, but when it happened the first time. Among the first awards are usually called sword V. Shuisky saber DM Pozharsky and saber BM Khitrovo. The bar at the last sword is now housed in the Tsar′s museum, gold pointed remark: "Sovereign Tsar and Grand Prince of all Russia Mikhail Fedorovich granted shoyu sword ATTENDANT Bogdan Matveye Khitrovo." |
ENGLISH ORDER OF THE BATH In 1399 at the initiative of the barons of northern counties of England was deposed Richard II - the last king of the Plantagenet dynasty. The English throne of Henry of Lancaster barons planted under the name of Henry IV. This name is a legend and connects the base of the Order of Bath, which was established immediately after taking the king to the throne. Tradition tells that one day the king was in a soap (bath), and at the wrong time to receive him became impatient to ask attendees. The story is also on the responsiveness of the king, who interrupted their bathing, and wiping the foam, wrapped in a sheet and took pesky ladies with royal splendor allowing some of their questions. However, the unusual name of the Order of the scientists explained by the collective swimming those 36 knights who guarded the King during the coronation. There is a version of a ritual ablution, and that once accompanied by an honorary knighthood. |
AWARDS OF THE SACRED THRONE All of the Order of the Holy See reflect different periods of the history of the Vatican′s award system, for a long time the Roman pope had supreme authority over many separate orders of the Catholic world. From the ancient orders of chivalry in the Vatican remained only the Order of the Golden Spur (or Golden army), which was designed to serve domestic political goals of the papal court. Some researchers believe that the establishment of this Order applies to the XIV century, others call XVI century, but the ancient legends called the founder of the Order of the Golden Spur of the Emperor Constantine. Once in a very nice selection of gentlemen, worthy of the title and get a court to make the papal entourage during solemn processions, the Order of this subsequently fell into decay. Holders of its becoming merely for the money, so how to do it was easy: in addition to initiation into the Knights of the Order by the Pope, the right to erect a knight, a certain number of people received a higher court clergy. |
GOLDEN FLEECE AWARD The tenth of January 1429, the day of his wedding to Isabella of Portugal, a Burgundian Duke Philip the Good established the Golden Fleece - in honor of the Virgin Mary and St. Andrew and in defense of the faith and the Catholic Church. However, the symbolism of the Order and its motto is caused by some researchers doubt that Philip Good guided only by pious intentions. Some note that the establishment of the Order of the Golden Fleece was a political goal, and one of them - gather in a single fist, a small group of high nobility of the various provinces, which rules the Duke of Burgundy. These provinces were joined to the domain of Philip the Good because of the numerous dynastic marriages and various forms of inheritance, but did not have a unifying tradition of obedience and loyalty to a common suzerain. |
Sisters of Charity - Florence Nightingale Medal Only in August 1853 F. Nightingale was able to get guardian of the London Institute for sick women of noble birth, where she worked prior to the Crimean War. And then she was appointed head of the group of nurses, and it was unprecedented, because until then no woman has held official posts in the army. So F. Nightingale was in Scutari, where the main military hospital, England. She organized laundry here, improve the content of hospital wards, found in them new beds, got a new underwear for men, has made improving nutrition for them. Florence wrote letters and send money to their families, provided in the hospital a few rooms, where recovering soldiers could relax and read. She had to fight with the army command and control of supply, for superintendent of army medical service, it was a bone in the throat, but the endorsement of its activities gave F. Nightingale such support, which had no army reformer. |
To the glory of Simon Bolivar Back in August 1805 on the Roman hill of Monte Sacro Simon Bolivar vowed to fight for the liberation of South America from the Spaniards, and dedicated to this great cause all my life. The overthrow of Spanish colonial rule took many years of struggle, in which lesions were interspersed with successes and brilliant victories over the forces of colonialism. In the vast expanses of Mexico to Tierra del Fuego, under the blows of the people in revolt crumbled foundations of 300 years of colonial rule of Spain and Portugal. Fifteen years of relentless military labor, 472 battles, conquest, led the army of the highest mountain ranges - here the road of military glory soldier and military leader Simon Bolivar. The main result of this struggle was the winning of independence and the creation in Latin America, several sovereign nation states. No wonder not only in his native Venezuela, but throughout the Spanish-American world called the Liberator Simon Bolivar. |
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