NOBEL PRIZE

For the first time on the part of his intention to leave the state for certain purposes, Alfred Nobel, Swedish industrialist, engineer and inventor, has publicly stated in an interview in 1890. "I′m going to leave behind him, - he said - a large sum to promote the ideals of peace, although am skeptical about the possible results. Scientists write beautiful books, there will be winners of the world, but war will continue all the same until the force of circumstances will not make them impossible. "

Alfred Nobel made several wills, and each new document consistently reduced share of the inheritance status accorded to them by relatives and friends. According to a will made in 1893, relatives and friends would have to get about 29% of A. Nobel, 64% - The Academy of Sciences in Stockholm, while the remaining 7% is divided between several agencies are allocating a small percentage to help the supporters of peace in the face Vienna Society of Friends of the world.

The original of the last testament, written in Swedish by A. Nobel, was signed by four members of the Swedish Club in Paris and registered November 27, 1895 in Paris. After that, an industrialist and the inventor went to San Remo, where he had conducted experiments on the creation of artificial skin.

In the last testament list of personal cash is even more modest than in previous ones. By this time, A. Nobel came to the conclusion that getting big money by inheritance, contributes dulled by the human race. " Relatives did not know anything about the content of the document, and the incredible plan A. Nobel became known only after January 1897 will was opened.

After the list of designated personal cash later in the will stated:

"the rest of my property, which can be implemented, given the following assignment: the capital, facing executors in safe securities that amount to fund the rent of which is given annually to reward those in the previous year had the greatest contributions to mankind.

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Rent is divided into five equal parts, which are issued.

first part - the one who made an important discovery or invention in the field of physics;

second - the one who made the most important chemical inventions and improvements;

third - the one who made important discoveries in physiology and medicine;

fourth - the one who created the most perfect work in the field of literature in an ideal direction;

fifth - the one who most and best contributed to the fraternal rapprochement of peoples and eliminate (or decrease) under arms, standing armies, as well as the formation and expansion of peace congresses ". 1

A. Nobel in his will stated that "membership of a different nationality not be taken into account in awarding the prizes, but to receive an award worthy, whether it skandinavets or not. "

A biography of the beginning of A. Nobel was a very prosaic. He was born Oct. 21, 1833 and was the third child in the family of Emanuel and Caroline Nobel Andrietty. At that time the family business evolved not entirely successful, and all their well-being kept in giving mother. In 1837 the head of the family finally broke and left for Russia with a passionate desire to get rich there. E. Nobel tsarist government offered samples of their land and sea mines, has received approval and subsidies to expand their production. Things went well, and after five years, he ordered his family to St. Petersburg.

However bleak for Russia ending the Crimean War has reduced the number of military orders which were the main source of income Nobel′s father. He declared himself bankrupt and moved back to Sweden, his family left for Alfred and Emil, who was born in Russia now.

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In St. Petersburg remained the second son, Ludwig, through which the name of Nobel once thundered across Russia. When Alfred Nobel invented dynamite, the family began to prosper and in Sweden. Dynamite and his other inventions were used in the military sphere, the state of the Nobel grew, and Alfred himself was considered successful and experienced entrepreneur.

When in 1872 his father died, Alfred became the head of the foreign branch of the dynasty of the Nobels, and later with his participation was formed two dynamite trust: the Anglo-Germanic with the board in London and in Latin with the board in Paris. He was a shareholder of Russia "Association of oil production Nobel Brothers′ extraordinary profits which brought large profits. All due to Russia′s industry summa2 intended for transfer to fund the Nobel Prizes.

But gradually accumulated fatigue and depression, perhaps because of some feelings of guilt for what he did last 10 years of his life, Alfred Nobel refused military production and as an entrepreneur and as an engineer. As appointed executors A. Nobel is always faithful to him engineer R. Salman, who was only 26 years old, and his 40-year-old officer R. Lilekvista. They had no idea about the laws and order of succession, and therefore appealed to Lindhagen K. - chairman of an appeals court, which has done so much to fulfill the last will of A. Nobel, that it can be considered as the third executor. He wanted the will of the deceased has been fully implemented and vigorously took up this complicated case. And it is even more tangled because of the fact that the property of A. Nobel were dispersed to different countries, and each has its own laws of inheritance, private property and the tax code.

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Executors made an overall assessment of property A. Nobel, and it amounted to almost SEK 31588000. As almost always happens around such a huge amount and the very idea of approval award a heated battle. Needless family Nobels painfully experienced the disparity in their opinion, receive a share of the inheritance. In addition, the relatives were fears that the sale of stake in Russia′s big oil companies and a number of factories for the production of dynamite would threaten their financial well-being.

A Swedish newspaper wrote about the donation of A. Nobel as a "gift of serving the high objectives for further progress of mankind, and probably the largest donation, which is still anyone had the opportunity or intention to exercise. " Another newspaper reported that "in the history of Sweden there is only one example of going to compare this action - namely, a donation by King Gustav Adolf of his inheritance, which at all times to ensure the existence and development of our flagship university, and hence the future culture of our country. "

However, most of the press saw a testament A. Nobel attempt on the national interests of the country. There were just ardent opponents (including the public, some officials and even the Swedish King Oscar), who have been questioning the very essence of the will, greatly exaggerating its formal shortcomings.

Indeed, the last testament A. Nobel, written without consultation with qualified professionals, from a formal point of view had a number of vulnerabilities. For example, it was not clear what legal authority (Swedish, French, Russia, or even what) should have the right to oversee the implementation of the will.

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The will was not defined and what is meant by "reliable securities," which ought to invest to fund the Nobel Prizes. There was also the very funds that were bequeathed money: create it A. Nobel instructed the engineer R. Salman.

He constantly traveled to European countries, which was placed in capital A. Nobel. Particularly impressive was a trip in a convertible through the streets of Paris, when R. Salman with a gun ready literally sat on the securities, saving millions of the testator.

Removing capital A. Nobel, designed for the Award, two Western dynamite trusts and other companies run into judicial obstacles. Much of the Swedish industrialist, who was in Western countries has been squandered, and then simply assigned different companies and just hangers-on. And then, in fact, extraction of these resources in favor of the Fund have not been completed.

Given all these complex circumstances, Immanuel Nobel, who lived in Russia and is head of the Russian branch of the Nobels, bought shares of his uncle over 3800000 SEK (2 million gold rubles). Russian Nobel′s decision to transfer the fund bequests have been the main factor that "the Nobel Prize in general could be. It is asserted and the Swedish historian E. Bergengren, and NK Table for several years is the director of the Nobel Foundation.

The litigation over the inheritance A. Nobel lasted several years. Mentioned in the will relatives received 1000000 Swedish crowns, about 500,000 kroons got close, including the old servants. The rest of the inheritance went to fund the establishment of the Nobel Prizes. Finally June 20, 1900 a royal decree had been approved statutes of the Nobel Foundation and the special rules governing the activities of the committees for awarding prizes.

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Subsequently, the money fund the Nobel Prizes have been invested in profitable land and industrial enterprises, trust loans, and part of them stored in the form of government bonds. Revenue from them and makes it possible to pay the annual Nobel Prizes, which are awarded on Dec. 10 - the day of death of their founder.

The first Nobel Prizes were awarded in 1901. The winners of them were German physicist W. Roentgen, Netherlands chemist J. van′t Hoff, German microbiologist E. von Behring and the French poet Sully Prudhomme R. . The first Nobel Peace Prize Swiss social activist Henri Dunant - initiator of the international Red Cross.

The first Russian scientist and one of the first physiologists of the world, awarded the Nobel Prize, was IP Pavlov. In 1902, two members of the Nobel Committee - Professor I. Yoganson and R. Tigershtedt - will become acquainted with the works of Russian researcher and his students. Based on their reports by the Nobel Prize and medal were awarded to IP Pavlov in 1904 - "in recognition of his work on digestion, what he works in significant parts of the remodeled and expanded the information in this area.