ROTARY ENGINE

One of the most remarkable events in the history of technology is the emergence in the mid XIX century skoropechatnoy a rotating machine that allowed thousands of times to increase the production of publications, especially newspapers and magazines. This invention, in the same way as the establishment at that time Gutenberg first typographic machine, had an enormous impact on all aspects of the life of mankind. Indeed, the rapid development of education and its dissemination in the masses of people, in the XVIII-XIX centuries, creating a huge demand for the printed word, which led to an increase in circulation of books and newspapers. Meanwhile, an old printing press has undergone very little change from the XVI century and was poorly suited to meet the demand overdue. Many printer in the XVIII century puzzle over how to increase productivity and create skoropechatnuyu car. The right way was eventually found Friedrich Koenig, the son of poor farmer Prussia. Fifteen years later he entered an apprentice in a printing house, and since that time all his life has been associated with printed matter. Back in 1794, Koenig made the first improvement, creating a model of printing machine, continuous, with the help of gear wheels, lifting and lowering piana (press). But many years passed before he was able to use his invention to practice. All owners of German printers to which Koenig approached for support, refusal to meet him. In 1806 he moved to London, and only here for his invention paid attention.

In 1807 three London printing Koenig gave the money to build a printing machine. In 1810, with the help of Master of Mathematics, Andrew Bauer, Koenig collected skoropechatny machine, which is due to various improvements in design can produce up to 400 impressions per hour. But that was not enough. We need a fundamentally new scheme, which would completely or almost completely eliminate manual labor. In the old machine, as we recall, the process of printing took place through a series of flat boards, placed on a flat thaler set using a flat deckle, associated with the same flat rashketom to recruit, spread paint, pressed flat Pianim sheet.

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Especially a lot of time devoted to namazyvanie set of paint - it constantly had to raise from the press and then shoot at the scene. First Koenig tried to expedite this operation because the paint on the set became a bear with a special paint roller. Perhaps building on this idea, he decided to press and do not flat, but in the form of a cylindrical drum. This was the most important finding Koenig. In 1811 he created the first car skoropechatnuyu cylindrical type, in which a sheet of paper being put on the cylinder (drum), rolled it in the cylinder to enhance the thaler form with a set of receiving ink from a rotating shaft. From the previous flat board in the new design remained only thaler, which asks for the set, tightly enclosed in a metal frame. Replacement of flat surfaces of rotating cylinders allowed at once to several times to increase the productivity of the machine.

Koenig was the machine for its time, this masterpiece of engineering, all the more surprising that almost all operations, it is automatic. When rotating the main wheels came a complex mechanism of the whole system of gear wheels and gears, moving in the right direction and at the right time, all working parts of the machine. The main nodes were painting apparatus and printing drum. Between them back and forth moving truck with a set-thaler. Having the paint from the paint machine, thaler shoot under the printing drum, which roll on a sheet of paper. Thus, in general terms, process of printing.

Colorful apparatus consisted of a long box with paint and a few rollers, consistently communicating that paint each other. The top metal roller is located in the colorful box. When you arrive at the rotation of a layer of paint that needed to be let out of the box in the slot, making it crack it thicker, then thinner. With metallic paint roller apply for a thin cylinder, which then descended with it on the shaft, rotating at the bottom and move, not only about its axis but also along it. Since he went to paint the bare metal cylinder, and has already reached out to two elastic drum to pulverize it, and distributed on a set of smooth layer.

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Such a complex device paint apparatus due to the fact that its function is to speed up the printing was very high. Colors in the collection was received exactly as much as necessary to obtain clear print. It could not be greater, since the sheets would besmirch each other. The paint should have been well and rub evenly distributed on the set.

The role of the printing drum was to grab a clean sheet of paper and rolled him on the set. On its surface has a special hook, which is raised, then dropped, according to the provisions of the drum. At a time when thaler with the printed form under the colorful rollers, printing drum remained motionless, and his hook raised. Nakladchik standing on a high bench, took a sheet of paper out of the stock lying on his right hand and laid it on the plane kosuyu fairly close to the cylinder, so that the paper could be taken hook. When going back Thaler drum began to rotate. Then the hook-like fingers overlapped on the list and was fond of it for themselves. A sheet of paper and tightly roll enshroud adjacent, pressed string, which were in the field. During the movement of the cylinder a special needle (grafeyki) pierce the middle of leaf, keeping it from twisting. When the gyre drum had a set list, Clamps him. Once the list has paint, raised clip, a string moving the paper to another device - "Missile" (receiver), is a series of long flat fingers, those fingers, after the transition to the printed sheet, and raised dump it on the table where sheets lozhilis each other seal up.

Meanwhile, the thaler again overtaken by colorful apparatus. For while the reverse movement of the drum set and do not touch one of the latter was slightly cut. During the passage Thaler drum sections facing downwards, remained motionless. But when the set became a colorful apparatus, the drum was returning to its original position, priotkryvaya hook for the reception of the paper. Thus the work proceeded on the first machine Koenig. After all the sheets were prints on one side, they again passed through the machine and printed on the back.

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Invention Koenig interested primarily the owners of major newspapers. In 1814 Koenig assembled for printing the Times′ two-cylinder machines, which are printed at a speed of 1000 impressions per hour. Then he invented a machine with two cylinders, print simultaneously on both side. Orders for it were drawn from different countries. Ship, Koenig in 1817 returned to Germany and founded the first factory in Würzburg for the production of printing machines. Until his death (in 1833) he managed to produce printing machines, printing two colors. Companion Koenig Bauer further perfected his invention. Very soon there were cars in which the role of the working-nakladchika was eliminated altogether, and the paper submitted to the pneumatic cylinder apparatus, which pull the sheet to a region. Once the valves on a drum seized sheet, the apparatus is automatically suspended and brought the following list. It was further introduced another important improvement in acceding to the machine Folding machine, which is in the transfer of a rocket-sheet fold them, that is, fold on fold the number of sheets of printing speed. Thus, the most difficult skoropechatnoy vehicles consisted of the following: samonakladchik list automatically filed per cylinder, and then, after printing one side, with the help of tesemok sheet was transferred to the second, located near the cylinder, Clamps to the printed side, a second cylinder is held sheet on the same form, at the same Thaler, forcing the text to print on the other hand, after which the list came to the missiles from there - in the Folder apparatus. The driving force of the vehicle was different. At the beginning of the XIX century to rotate workers′ vertelschiki "and then began to apply the steam engine, the movement of which passed through the endless belt.

In the middle of the XIX century, when the volume of printed products has increased tremendously, the fastest skoropechatnye machines that make 2000 impressions per hour, it seemed insufficient productive. Of course, we could put the second and third machines, but such a solution to the problem was very expensive.

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Yield was found in the creation of a rotating machine, which does not have any flat surface, and even the thaler was replaced by a rotating drum. In 1846 an Englishman Ogastus Applegat invented the first such machine with a large vertical cylinder. At the cylinder with the help of a set of partitions installed. Located around the cylinder as paint rollers, and eight smaller cylinders, which are filed nakladchiki sheets. For one revolution of the large cylinder passed a set of eight smaller cylinders with the provision of paper and gave just eight pages. In the hour on this machine could get 12000 impressions (but only on one side). Until 1862, this car appeared in The Times. It was then replaced by a more powerful engine American Robert GEObs, works on the same principle. Master cylinder with a set of reinforced slats and screws, was flat, as in conventional printing machine, and around it were ten cylinders for the lining paper, which printed the text with a set on the master cylinder as it protaskivaniya for each of the ten smaller cylinders. The main shaft of machine ECG had a half-meter diameter. Nakladchiki paper had five floors with two sides the car. For its huge size, it was called mammoth.

In fact, the car was already Applegata first rotary engine (from the rotation - gyre), because all of its principal parts take the form of rotating on the axis of the cylinders. But it had two significant deficiencies, slowing its work: a set, located on the cylinder was not secured well enough and with very rapid rotation could spill and manually feed the paper there was a separate sheet. The first of these inconveniences have been overcome after the invention of the stereotype - a set which, unlike the former, is not composed of individual letters, as a whole are cast in metal. In 1856, John Walter found that when wet cardboard going into the matrix of letters, and then dried it in the oven, the board received from papier-mache can be a form for casting stereotypes. To do this, on top of a set, sandwiched in steel frame, overlay sheet specially prepared wet cardboard and rigid bristles beat on it until the script is not pressed into its surface.

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Then the frame with cardboard traps in the press and move in a hot machine. When the board dries out, it was removed from the frame. In doing so, it remained quite depressed exact imprint of the entire set. Obtained in this way were placed in the matrix′s own form, so that it formed two half, poured in a molten metal, and receive two half, each of which to the last set of stuff was cast one frame. These half-fastened to the shaft rotating machines.

Regarding the second problem, the earlier it was able to allow William Bullock, who in 1863 created a new type of truly rotating machines, printers are not on separate sheets, and immediately on both sides of an endless paper tape. Roll it wore on the rapidly rotating core. This paper tape came to the cylinder, pressed it to another cylinder with located on the round, which consists of two polutsilindricheskih, stereotypes. So, all the major nodes in the car Bullock was performed in a rapidly rotating cylinder. Due to this, she published more than 15,000 impressions per hour. In the future, the speed was reached at 30,000 impressions (such a machine for 3 minutes processed printed tape length of 1 km). But besides speed rotary machine has many other advantages. Paper can be put in a few cylinders and directly print not only from both sides, but several different colors. For example, a strip of paper, having a cylinder with a main form for the one hand and taking with black paint, was another cylinder, printing black ink on the back, then came the third - printed red, and so on. When an infinite strip of paper has all the paint, it came to the last cylinder, which was a knife, cut strip into sheets. Then cut sheets go in Folder apparatus, which was part of the machine, and it fold the number of times, after which the machine away ready folded newspaper or a book list.