(b. 1923)
While undoubtedly one of those Americans who are the most controversial in the second half of the twentieth century, Henry Kissinger led the foreign policy of their country during the escalation of the Vietnam War and then the withdrawal of U.S. troops from Vietnam, during the invasion of Cambodia, the normalization of relations with China and detente relations with the Soviet Union. With the exception of Chaim Solomon, Kissinger was the most influential Jewish politician in U.S. history. Many dispute the beneficence of its activities.
Heinz Alfred Kissinger was born in the German city of Fuerth in the early years of the Weimar Republic. His father Louis was a school teacher, proud that he was a German, an intellectual with a sense of dignity. Mother Paula′s shy and diligent son obviously inherited by his wit and practical approach.
The Nazis came to power, when Heinz was ten years old. His distrust of the people and the dismal perception of the history of mankind, no doubt related to his youth, held in Jewish religious schools, where he dared not even go to football matches for fear of being beaten fascist hooligans. Together with his parents, he fled to seek safety in New York before they were killed in the Holocaust surviving relatives. Based in the community of German Jews in Washington Heights on the northern tip of Manhattan, Heinz became Henry and attended the High School. George Washington, and then City College.
The Second World War interrupted his studies, but also provided him with surprising opportunities and enriched his life experience. A military officer, Fritz Kramer, a German by birth, but an ardent anti-fascist, guessing special talent and brilliant mind of Henry Kissinger, had released him from service in the infantry, and found it more suitable use in counterintelligence. The military service as adjutant general and then commander of the German city of Krefeld, Kissinger met with the functioning of American government and military structures (and was awarded the Bronze Star ").
Returning after the war to the United States, Kissinger went to Harvard University.
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| Photo: "Henry Kissinger" |
Under the tutelage of another powerful man - Professor William Elliott Yandelya Kissinger learned the philosophy and history. Even before he gained reputation as a man who loved pompous pronouncements and ponderous verbosity. His course work on the importance of history in the senior year has broken all records of Cambridge in its scope and depth.He was an exemplary student at Harvard, which became the basis of his success as a diplomat. While still a graduate of Harvard, he organized an international seminar, to which were invited many of the future leaders (his later close ties with Japanese Prime Minister Yasuhiro Nakasone, President of France Valery Giscard d′Estaing and the Israeli Yigalom Allon dated in the meantime). Kissinger also founded the magazine "Konflyuens" which cooperated Hannah Arendt, John Kenneth Galbraith, Paul Nitz and McGeorge Bundy.
Kissinger wrote a doctoral thesis - which is not surprising - of Prince Metternich and the achievement of peace after the Napoleonic wars. According to Dr. Kissinger, problems after Waterloo overlapped with the era of the Cold War. While others have developed the concept of a nuclear test ban, he reflected on the "real politics" Metternich and Castlereagh in the Marquis 1812-1822 gg. Harvard professor thrill of understanding Metternich diplomacy as having its roots in the limitations of the individual. Kissinger admired and "iron" Chancellor of Prussia, Bismarck, been able to humiliate the French, uniting his country a world power. Kissinger preferred to Bismarck′s opinion that foreign policy should be based not on feelings but on the military, economic and political power.
Prior to his appointment in 1968, an advisor to President Richard Nixon for National Security Affairs Henry Kissinger has become a cornerstone of its influence at Harvard, headed the Defense Studies Program at the Center for International Relations (where he developed academic theories of arms control) and writing a bestseller about the tactical use of nuclear weapons (which first and drew him to the attention Nixon).
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| Photo: "Henry Kissinger" |
He worked at the Council on Foreign Relations (which advanced the idea of limited nuclear war - the so-called theory of flexible response - and progressive deterrence) and Special Advisor to the eternal presidential candidate - New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller (which he suggested a new, open policy with regard to the latter causing then the hatred of China).Henry Cabot Lodge recommended him to Nixon, who had already read books and magazine articles professor. Nixon and Kissinger - two very emotional and shy man for five tumultuous years led the White House foreign policy of the U.S., bypassing the State Department. Both of them clearly felt that not enjoy the support the war policies of Lyndon Johnson met in the American people. During their stay in the position of taking foreign policy decisions have been closed to the public, because they often prefer to rely on deception and obstruction. Both felt that the war in Vietnam could not win, but the American presence in the region was intended to secure an honorable peace. Most importantly it was something else: "honorable" peace (just empty words for the millions of Cambodians and Vietnamese, who have yet to die) would prove that America is - a credible and reliable defender of liberty, which it presented himself.
Great influence on American foreign policy has provided the following opinion Kissinger (first clearly formulated during the Vietnam conflict): before embroil the country in any major foreign policy action, you must first calculate its long-term effects and gain the support of as many citizens. He felt that the greatest tragedy of the Johnson administration was that it was unable to identify such long-term goals.
Nixon and Kissinger′s reliance on force, coupled with the confidence proved to be effective in normalizing relations with China. Nixon′s historic visit to China was probably the most important and sensible step for American foreign policy since the Truman administration approved the Marshall Plan.
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| Photo: "Henry Kissinger" |
However, impassive realism of Kissinger′s world view has led to diplomacy, driven by force, but not marked by the American idealism and morality. Kissinger regarded international relations only in terms of their implications for the balance of power and influence, rather than as a factor of good or American values.His personality and ideals led to a unique style of negotiation, which soon became known as "shuttle diplomacy". His paranoia and fear of American public opinion have lasted for fourteen months, the secret bombing of Cambodia, to the terrible bombing of Hanoi at Christmas and for a "sanitary unit" to determine leaks in the State Department. The denial of his Jewish nationality (Nixon never forgot about religion and Kissinger called him - seems to have become known tapes from the White House - "my little Jew") could make him delay the provision of assistance to Israel during the Yom Kippur War. Nixon, frightened by the limited air bridge between the Soviet, Union and Syria, ordered to urgently deliver military equipment to the Israelis.
Kissinger recognizes Nixon′s other major successes in the first negotiations on strategic arms limitation (SALT-1) and the signing of a peace treaty with North Vietnam (although the war will last until the withdrawal of American troops in 1975, despite the appointment of Henry Kissinger - the first Jew in that position -- Secretary of State and to receive the Nobel Peace Prize). Yet their legacy continues to cause concern. Most of their political systems reflect their characters. Outwardly, brilliant strategists and tacticians, they both supported the movement for human rights, relying on the unlimited democratic values, who could not understand them, in fact, the authoritarian personality. Secretive Kissinger refused to give a press conference for almost the entire first presidential term of Nixon′s fear that journalists ridicule his rough German accent and his doctor prozovut Streyndzhlavom6.
Surviving in an environment of Nazi persecution, Kissinger tried to order, but often at the expense of American values and morality.
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| Photo: "Henry Kissinger" |
Secret War, followed by the invasion of Cambodia, has expanded the Vietnam conflict and created a power vacuum into which the murderers who called themselves "Khmer Rouge, filled with bloody terror and death camps.Kissinger too often failed to understand the importance of local political and ethnic trends and consequently supported, for example, the Shah of Iran in an attempt to protect U.S. interests, ignoring the rapid movement of an expanding Islamic fundamentalists led by Ayatollah Khomeini.
Kissinger was the first conductor of the official U.S. diplomacy in the European style. Its too cold realism has led to a very widespread belief that the power of U.S. foreign policy has its limits. Detente with the Soviet Union meant the most cooperation is largely based on the strategy of containment and deterrence. The clear position of Henry Kissinger, as expressed in the concept of balance of forces, even as foreign to an open democracy, retains a large, albeit controversial effect.
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