SIGMUND FREUD

In any enumeration of the most influential Jews not only of modern history, but of all times, Sigmund Freud is to be named among the first. Freud was (as described Paul Johnson in his "History of the Jews") "the greatest innovators of the Jews. " This description is very valid. Ernest Jones, Freud′s colleague and promoter of his teachings, as noted in his three-volume biography of the Viennese psychoanalyst Freud′s enormous influence in many areas. In particular, Jones pointed to the impact of Freud on clinical psychiatry, biology, anthropology, sociology, religion, occult science, art, literature, psychology, education and criminology.

Freud is commonly known as the father of psychoanalytic theory and practice. He was not the first psychologist, but he is - first, people who remember when discussing mental disorders. Many of his theories have been attacked at the time of their nomination, some of them contested so far, some derided as bright but useless. The value of Freud is certainly as his thinking, and not just in the unusual nature of many of his research. His ideas have changed people′s perception of the subconscious. Before him, most people believed that the attacks of hysteria causing demons.

Thanks to Freud, people are now better understanding of mental illness.

Photo — «Sigmund Freud»

Prior to his discovery of unsound mind crammed into a psychiatric hospital with no hope of recovery. Contrary to the prejudice is still living (and fear) is today widely recognized psychological disorders as another illness, can be treated with therapy. Choosing the correct method of treatment has generated the greatest controversy. Many scientists have questioned the validity of the medical theories of Freud. They are not satisfied with how his psychoanalytic methods (often requiring a lot of time), and its basic premise. Yet his ideas continue to exert its influence.

Freud was born in Freiberg in Moravia, then a region of Austria-Hungary. His earliest memories are connected with a rich house. When Sigmund was four years old, his father went bankrupt in the trade in wool, and the family moved to Vienna, where he survived the period of this poverty. Freud has never forgotten his experiences in his youth deprivation.

The family did not follow the requirements of Judaism. Despite his respect for Jewish history and the character of its people, Freud never observed the religious ritual. Nevertheless, he refused to convert to Christianity, as found in their Jewish roots forces feel their singularity.

Entering the University of Vienna, Freud was struck by anti-Semitism of students and teachers. Their muted or outright ethnic hatred has increased its sensitivity and aroused his energy.

Photo — «Sigmund Freud»

Later, he recalled with considerable bitterness, a story narrated by my father, when Sigmund was ten years old. One well-dressed young Jacob Freud strolled through Vienna. Suddenly, a bully knocked his head a new fur hat and shouted: "Hey, Jew! Cleanse the sidewalk! "Jacob calmly went into the street, picked up his hat and retired, does not show her protest. Sigmund flew into a rage against his father experienced the humiliation and the pain is always remembered this episode. It is this rage and supported his desire to defend their beliefs . . .

Excellent Freud studied medicine, showing special interest in the natural sciences. Not knowing what to do besides the study of human health, he began working in the physiological institute, but soon in a desperate desire to earn more to life passed in the General Hospital of Vienna. Working in different clinics, hospitals, Freud continued his research. At that time, he dabbled in drugs, including cocaine, became a drug addict and suffered torments Unlearning. Because his career was tainted by rumors about the use of drugs, Freud has left hospital and moved to Paris to take part in the research of outstanding French neurologist Jean Charcot. During this period he has published over twenty articles on the nervous system.

Returning to Vienna, and wishing to ensure a decent life to his wife, Martha Bernal, Freud opened a private practice as a neurologist.

Photo — «Sigmund Freud»

He began working with another Jewish doctor Josef Breuer, who was fourteen years older than him, and conducted experiments for the treatment of hysteria through hypnosis. Together they tried to cure the young woman, freeing her mind from the terrible memories. In his classic work "Studies on Hysteria", published in 1895, Breuer and Freud called it "Anna O. ". (Her real name - Bertha Pappenheim, later it will do much to create the first German social security organizations. ) Their cathartic (cleansing) technique was only a first attempt to use the simplest of psychoanalytic technique, but they tried to show "Anna O. , that deterrence of its senses and hysterical due to tripping of protective mechanism, hiding the truth from herself.

Working under the guidance of Breuer, Freud began to self-development theories of sexuality, which could not accept his elder comrade. It broke up their friendship. It was the first of many cases where Freud struck up important friendships for him then to mercilessly tear them because of philosophical differences (including such famous scientists as Carl Jung and Alfred Adler). Freud acted as a biblical prophet: when his ideas are challenged, he surrounded himself with followers like a pious teacher, utters Talmudic wisdom listen to every word he said to his disciples.

In 1900, Freud published his very great, in any case, the most prominent book - "The interpretation of dreams. " It argues that people are not fully aware of their desires. Analysis of dreams helps to reveal and decipher the unconscious or hidden from the consciousness of thought. Freud put forward a new theory to explain how people feel and act. Reversion, suppression, substitution patterns, the transfer of emotional reactions - such was the psychological state, for the first time confirmed it. Freud taught us to think differently about how we understand ourselves, and those words, which we describe our thoughts.

Thanks to Sigmund Freud in the current language has started a whole new vocabulary. Slip of the pen ( "Freudian slip"), children′s sexuality, sexual energy, the structure of the reaction, Id (unconscious), ego, superego, libido, the Oedipus complex, inhibition, phallic symbols, the death instinct, the principle of pleasure-pain, gratification, the principle of "reconciliation" with reality, the attractiveness and disgust, sublimation, avoid anxiety, behavior modification, metapsychology - these are some of the terms imposed in the treasury of works on psychology.

Freud often used the biography of great men to prove their psychoanalytic theories. In particular, he was fascinated by the biographies of Moses, Leonardo da Vinci and William Shakespeare.

Photo — «Sigmund Freud»

Freud postulated the theory that Moses was actually an Egyptian and the true founder of Judaism (and not Abraham). According to Freud, he took as a basis for some theory of Egyptian monotheism, and began to preach it among the enslaved Jews. In the end confused the Jews murdered Moses and still have endless subconscious feeling of guilt.

Freud was not only a scientist-explorer, but also a wonderful writer. Revolutionary thinker was quite conservative in their artistic tastes, clear in personal habits (a strict schedule with patients, research, walks and visits to his beloved) and is completely secured financially. Even being assimilated, Freud remained proud and defiant Jew, never capitulated to the Nazis after the Anschluss. After his departure in 1938 from Vienna to London, experienced a severe pain from cancer of the jaw (which is a year later was the cause of his death) and forced to make a positive public statement about how he was treated the Nazis, Freud wrote: "I would highly recommend it to all the Gestapo ;. Freud′s own life proved the dual nature of a psychologist.