RUDYARD KIPLING

"Kipling found the romance of heroism and selfless in the midst of modernity - write N. Dyakonov and A. Dolinin. - Proclaimed at the time of the collapse of ideals and distrust of the heroic possibilities of an old man, but long-forgotten heroic ideal, Kipling became a founding member of the short-lived, though influential, eclectic literary school of the late XIX century - the so-called neo-romanticism. His stories and poems, as well as the works of his like-minded people - R. Haggard, Arthur Conan Doyle, William Heckle and others, were widely reported in various layers of English society, reflected at the level of mass fiction, many low-grade imitation militants with detectives, criminals , brave sailors and other supermen - these reproductions stamped, Rudyard Kipling′s brave heroes. Sami literary genres, happily starred Kipling, to a large extent predetermined his success: a short story, designed as a French or American fiction, was perceived by readers, brought up mostly in the multi-volume novels, almost like a revolution in the Soviet literature, and bold combining traditional national poetic forms with the motives of modern urban folklore created in his ballads at the effect of novelty.

Rudyard Kipling was born December 30, 1865 in the Indian city of Bombay, where his father, a famous sculptor and designer, John Lockwood Kipling, was the rector of the local arts school. Writer′s mother, Alice Macdonald, was the daughter of the famous English artist Edward Burne-Jones. She, too bad drawing and writing stories, which were printed in British and Indian journals.

As in other poorer families, the children grew up under the supervision of local servants, until the time comes to carry them to England - to study. So in 1871, Rudyard, along with her sister sent to England. They lived in a private hostel. His landlady, Mrs. Holloway often beat the boy, locked in a dark room and otherwise humiliated. Probably, from this he has sharply declined. He saw now so bad that he could accidentally stumble on any subject - even a tree.

Then Aunt Rudyard long reproached for the fact that he did not tell her anything, but, according to Kipling, "children can share a little more than animals, because they are seen as the institution of the century. " Kipling later wrote about his travails in his story "Mer-e, black sheep. "

In January 1878, Rudyard was sent to the new school "United Service College, founded by a group of officers of Indian service and the Anglo-Indian officials. The years spent here were also challenging test, but brought up in Kipling′s belief in the need for order and discipline, which he will assume the foundation of the law.

Photo — «Rudyard Kipling»

Later, he not only condemned the atmosphere of the school, but with emotion recollected in barracks paradise his stern school and wrote about it a nostalgic book, "Stocks and K °" (1899). This work landed him a fair charge to glorify cane training and callousness of students.

I must say that the head of the school Kormell Price first spotted in a born writer Rudyard and to strengthen him in his thoughts, he made a literary contest, which he easily won the first prize.

After high school, Kipling returned to India - to determine its university parent could not afford it. Rudyard came to Lahore, where since 1875 his father served as director of the largest in India, National Museum of Art. Here Rudyard became correspondent of the Civil and Military Gazette. Since he was the only employee in the newspaper (except the editor), then had to work 10-15 hours a day. He worked as a reporter and a proofreader and editor. Journalistic work has had an opportunity to learn Rudyard India and has provided material for his art. Since Kipling was fluent in Hindi, he became perhaps the first reporter who wrote about this country as he could not tell anybody.

In 1886 Kipling published poetry collection "Departmental songs", which depicted the life of the colonial administration. In 1888 Kipling published the first collection of short stories, simple stories of the mountains, and then another - "The Ballad of East and West. " They brought him fame not only in India but throughout the British Empire.

"I well remember how impatiently opened his first book" Simple Stories ". . . - Conan Doyle later recalled. - I read it with enthusiasm and knew not only what the literature has come a new and strong writer, but what kind of new style appeared in the story is very different from mine - I′m struggling trying to work out carefully and skillfully deploy plot. But this all turned out as something of itself, and this indifference to the reader suddenly flashed a brilliant phrase or a paragraph, which were the stronger, more unexpected. His stories were crudely made, but impressive, a huge - and this is because the main thing. I was convinced then that the writing can be different, that there is a method much better than mine, though, perhaps, for me, and inaccessible.

In 1889, toured the world via the Far East and the USA, Kipling arrived in England has a famous writer.

Rudyard only twenty-four years, and it is already being called a classic of English literature and heir of Charles Dickens, noting in his works the same rare talent descriptions of local customs, mental states of his characters.

Photo — «Rudyard Kipling»

All England, and then the whole world listened with delight every rhyme, every word of "a complete genius" - as Henry James called Kipling. To listen to the advice of the kings and generals, his portraits adorned the drawing rooms, and his energetic line quickly turned into a proverb. "The most influential force in the days of my students was kiplingizm, - recalled a decade later, one of the autobiographical hero of HG Wells. - In the mid-nineties, this little mustachioed bespectacled man who never seemed to stop desperate gesture, the owner of a heavy chin, who, with boyish enthusiasm, yelling about the effectiveness of the force and lyrically enraptured by the sounds, colors and even smells of the Empire, the sorcerer, who opened us the world machinery, rags, engineers and junior officers, and turned the jargon in the poetic dialect, became almost a national symbol. He miraculously conquered us, filled their insistent ringing lines, forced to write pale imitation of him, painted the very style of our conversations.

In 1902, Kipling confessed in a letter to R. Haggard: "I am slowly discovering England - the most remarkable abroad, which I visited. "

Indeed, in 1891, having lived in England and two years after returning from the colonies, he went to a new journey, visited South Africa, Australia, New Zealand.

After his marriage to Caroline Beylstir January 18, 1892 the young couple visited Canada, USA and Japan. Then the newlyweds settled in the U. S. state of Vermont, in the name of the parents Carolina. Soon they had two daughters, whom Kipling and dedicated a book of fairy tales "A lot austere" (1893). But then the couple continued to lead a nomadic life. They wandered from country to country, and the British Isles appeared only on short visits.

In the years 1894-1895 came out two books by Kipling with his own drawings, known as the "Jungle Book". (Hearing the story of Kipling′s Indian jungle, children′s writer Mary Dodge asked him to write about them. Kipling tried, and there were "Jungle Book". )

"Jungle Book" were a great success and, in the words of Kipling, "gave birth to a whole zoo of imitations," the most famous of which, "Tarzan", became a sort of "best-selling popular literature. " But on their own "Jungle Book" belong to great literature. These works have made Kipling′s probably the most popular writer of his time.

Serious conflict with his wife′s relatives forced the writer to return to England.

Photo — «Rudyard Kipling»

Kipling lived in Sussex, where he acquired a spacious house with land. But the writer′s return to England began with a tragedy - his eldest daughter died of pneumonia.

In 1899, Kipling went to South Africa, where he started the Anglo-Boer War. For several months he spent in the army, they let the military newspaper, and sent to England, reports about this war. While the whole world stands on the side of the Boers, Kipling was entirely on the side of the Empire. This has caused a sharp decline in its popularity. Apparently, therefore, when everyone expected from him a book about the last war, Rudyard wrote the novel "Kim", which described the adventures of a boy and a Buddhist monk, traveling across India.

"Contrary to popular belief, Kipling has never denied the advantages of Asian culture - note the N. Dyakonov and A. Dolinin. - Moreover, he patiently tried to understand the "Law" of the East, to decipher his "code" and even look at the world from his point of view. The choice facing the protagonist of his novel "Kim" (1901), oscillating between the two models of behavior, and the eastern European, seemed very real. "

And here is what YI Kagarlitsky: "In" Kim "Kipling had laid one of the cornerstones of its long-term glory. It should not be their political tendencies. Subsequently, even those of his works, which were written "One Day" began to read the abstract from the historical context. Events, which responded Kipling, ceased to disturb people, sometimes even erased from their memories, and poems and stories by Kipling, generated by these circumstances, have experienced them. Who now remembers, for instance, that the famous poem "Dust" is written in glorification of the British soldier, leading one of the most unjust wars in the history of this country? Do not read it today just as a great poem about the daily hardships of war? In "Kim" is a universal beginning laid very deep. It is his foundation. "

In 1902, Kipling returned to England and has since lived almost entirely in his home in Sussex. Now he was engaged in literary work. Also in 1902 Kipling published "Tales of just", as well as a collection of English legends and stories in their own treatment.

"The special charm of new stories by Kipling - wrote in his review of Gilbert Keith Chesterton - is that they do not read like a fairy tale that adults tell children before the fire, but as stories that adults tell each other at the dawn of mankind. These animals appear so, what they saw prehistoric people - not as a species and subspecies developed scientific system, as well as autonomous beings, bearing the mark of originality and madness.

Photo — «Rudyard Kipling»

Baby Elephant - a chudik with a shoe on his nose, the camel, zebra, tortoise - a particle magic sleep, look who does not like to study species.

He turned thirty-six - the middle of his life. However, we can say that by this time had exhausted the creative momentum gained Kipling in India. Of course, and later he appeared successful stories and poems, but only on a case by case basis. When six years later, the Nobel committee awarded him the prize for literature, she was given by the writer, who has already made almost all of what he was capable of - in the novel, the story, in poetry.

So, Kipling won the Nobel Prize for literature. YA Kagarlitsky wrote: "He emphasized that it should be their own convictions, and does not serve anyone. During the Boer War they were about to give the title of Sir, but he firmly refused. He never accepted any government awards and in this respect was unmoved. Even in 1899 he was offered the Order of the Bath second-degree - he refused, in 1903 - the Order of St. Michael and St. George - he again refused. In 1917, the Prime Minister offered him any difference what he likes. He replied that he does not need any. Until the end of his life, he still managed to abandon the orders of the Empire, Honor, "Merit", although the medal, established by Edward VII, a great lover of art and literature, awarded outstanding writers. Take this order to persuade it all, including his friend King George V, but to no avail. But Kipling always unhesitatingly took academic honors. He was not just elected an honorary doctor of British and foreign universities, and in 1907 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature, and in all these cases he said he wanted to remain "just Kipling.

In World War I Kipling lost his son John, and began increasingly to fall into depression. Only in 1933, a Parisian doctor discovered that the writer for fifteen years, suffered from a duodenal ulcer. In early 1936, Kipling went for treatment at Cannes, but never reached. At night, January 12 in London, the hotel he fell ill. In the morning he was taken to hospital and underwent surgery. However, he began peritonitis and 12 pm on Jan. 18, 1936 Kipling died.

Kipling was buried in Poets Corner, Westminster Abbey.